DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401583. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr-regulated cell death: insights into mechanism

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr-regulated cell death: insights into mechanism

10.1038/sj.cdd.4401583

Crossref journal-article

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Cell Death & Differentiation (297)

Bibliography

Muthumani, K., Choo, A. Y., Premkumar, A., Hwang, D. S., Thieu, K. P., Desai, B. M., & Weiner, D. B. (2005). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr-regulated cell death: insights into mechanism. Cell Death & Differentiation, 12(S1), 962â970.

Authors 7

K Muthumani (first)
A Y Choo (additional)
A Premkumar (additional)
D S Hwang (additional)
K P Thieu (additional)
B M Desai (additional)
D B Weiner (additional)

References 62 Referenced 43

Emerman M and Malim MH (1998) HIV-1 regulatory/accessory genes: keys to unraveling viral and host cell biology. Science 280: 1880–1884 (10.1126/science.280.5371.1880) / Science by M Emerman (1998)
Sherman MP, De Noronha MC, Williams SA and Greene WC (2002) Insights into the biology of HIV-1 viral protein R. DNA Cell Biol. 21: 679–688 (10.1089/104454902760330228) / DNA Cell Biol. by MP Sherman (2002)
Muthumani K, Choo AY, Hwang DS, Chattergoon MA, Dayes NN, Zhang D, Lee MD, Duvvuri U and Weiner DB (2003) Mechanism of HIV-1 viral protein R-induced apoptosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 304: 583–592 (10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00631-4) / Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. by K Muthumani (2003)
Lum JJ, Cohen OJ, Nie Z, Weaver JG, Gomez TS, Yao XJ, Lynch D, Pilon AA, Hawley N, Kim JE, Chen Z, Montpetit M, Sanchez-Dardon J, Cohen EA and Badley AD (2003) Vpr R77Q is associated with long-term nonprogressive HIV infection and impaired induction of apoptosis. J. Clin. Invest. 111: 1547–1554 (10.1172/JCI16233) / J. Clin. Invest. by JJ Lum (2003)
Somasundaran M, Sharkey M, Brichacek B, Luzuriaga K, Emerman M, Sullican JL and Stevenson M (2002) Evidence for a cytopahtogenicity determinant in HIV-1 Vpr. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 9503–9508 (10.1073/pnas.142313699) / Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA by M Somasundaran (2002)
Subbramanian RA, Kessous-Elbaz A, Lodge R, Forget J, Yao XJ, Bergeron D and Cohen EA (1998) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr is a positive regulator of viral transcription and infectivity in primary human macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 187: 1103–1111 (10.1084/jem.187.7.1103) / J. Exp. Med. by RA Subbramanian (1998)
Eckstein DA, Sherman MP, Penn ML, Chin PS, De Noronha CM, Greene WC and Goldsmith MA (2001) HIV-1 Vpr enhances viral burden by facilitating infection of tissue macrophages but not nondividing CD4+ T cells. J. Exp. Med. 194: 1407–1419 (10.1084/jem.194.10.1407) / J. Exp. Med. by DA Eckstein (2001)
Levy DN, Refaeli Y, MacGregor RR and Weiner DB (1994) Serum Vpr regulates productive infection and latency of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 10873–10877 (10.1073/pnas.91.23.10873) / Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA by DN Levy (1994)
Piller SC, Jans P, Gage PW and Jans DA (1998) Extracellular HIV-1 virus protein R causes a large inward current and cell death in cultured hippocampal neurons: implications for AIDS pathology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 4595–4600 (10.1073/pnas.95.8.4595) / Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA by SC Piller (1998)
Tungaturthi PK, Sawaya BE, Singh SP, Tomkowicz B, Ayyavoo V, Khalili K, Collman RG, Amini S and Srinivasan A (2003) Role of HIV-1 Vpr in AIDS pathogenesis: relevance and implications of intravirion, intracellular, and free Vpr. Biomed. Pharmacother. 57: 20–24 (10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00328-1) / Biomed. Pharmacother. by PK Tungaturthi (2003)
Bukrinsky M and Adzhubei A (1999) Viral protein R of HIV-1. Rev. Med. Virol. 9: 39–49 (10.1002/(SICI)1099-1654(199901/03)9:1<39::AID-RMV235>3.0.CO;2-3) / Rev. Med. Virol. by M Bukrinsky (1999)
Ferri KF, Jacotot E, Blanco J, Este JA and Kroemer G (2000) Mitochondrial control of cell death induced by HIV-1-encoding proteins. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 926: 149–164 (10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05609.x) / Ann. NY Acad. Sci. by KF Ferri (2000)
Refaeli Y, Levy DN and Weiner DB (1995) The glucocorticoid receptor type II complex is a target of the HIV-1 vpr gene product. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 3621–3625 (10.1073/pnas.92.8.3621) / Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA by Y Refaeli (1995)
Mahalingham S, Ayyavoo V, Patel M, Kieber-Emmons T, Kao GD, Muschel RJ and Weiner DB (1997) HIV-1 Vpr interacts with a human 34-kDa move34 homologue, a cellular factor linked to the G2/M phase transition of the mammalian cell cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 3419–3424 (10.1073/pnas.95.7.3419) / Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA by S Mahalingham (1997)
Ramanathan MP, Curley III E, Su M, Chambers JA and Weiner DB (2002) Carboxyl terminus of hVIP/mov34 is critical for HIV-1-Vpr interaction and glucocorticoid-mediated signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 47854–47860 (10.1074/jbc.M203905200) / J. Biol. Chem. by MP Ramanathan (2002)
Gridley T, Jaenisch R and Gendron-Maguire M (1991) The murine Mov-34 gene: full length cDNA and genomic organization. Genomics 11: 501–507 (10.1016/0888-7543(91)90056-K) / Genomics by T Gridley (1991)
Ayyavoo V, Mahboubi A, Mahalingam S, Ramalingam R, Kudchodkar S, Williams WV, Green DR and Weiner DB (1997) HIV-1 Vpr suppresses immune activation and apoptosis through the regulation of nuclear factor kappa B. Nat. Med. 3: 1117–1123 (10.1038/nm1097-1117) / Nat. Med. by V Ayyavoo (1997)
Scheinman RI, Cogswell PC, Lofquist AK and Baldwin Jr AS (1995) Role of transcriptional activation of I kappa B alpha in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids. Science 270: 283–286 (10.1126/science.270.5234.283) / Science by RI Scheinman (1995)
Auphan N, DiDonato JA, Rosette C, Helmberg A and Karin M (1995) Immunosuppression by gluocorticoids: inhibition of NF-kappa B activity through induction of I kappa B synthesis. Science 270: 286–290 (10.1126/science.270.5234.286) / Science by N Auphan (1995)
Kino T, Gragerov A, Kopp JB, Stauber RH, Pavlakis GN and Chrousos GP (1999) The HIV-1 virion-associated protein vpr is a coactivator of the human glucocorticoid receptor. J. Exp. Med. 189: 51–62 (10.1084/jem.189.1.51) / J. Exp. Med. by T Kino (1999)
Muthumani K, Hwang DS, Desai BM, Zhang D, Dayes N, Green DR and Weiner DB (2002) HIV-1 Vpr induces apoptosis through caspase 9 in T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 37820–37831 (10.1074/jbc.M205313200) / J. Biol. Chem. by K Muthumani (2002)
Wei N and Deng XW (2003) The COP9 signalosome. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 19: 261–286 (10.1146/annurev.cellbio.19.111301.112449) / Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. by N Wei (2003)
Ponting CP, Aravind L, Schultz J, Bork P and Koonin EV (1999) Eukaryotic signalling domain homologues in archaea and bacteria. Ancient ancestry and horizontal gene transfer. J. Mol. Biol. 289: 729–734 (10.1006/jmbi.1999.2827) / J. Mol. Biol. by CP Ponting (1999)
Glickman MH, Rubin DM, Coux O, Wefes I, Pfeifer G, Cjeka Z, Baumeister W, Fried VA and Finley D (1998) A subcomplex of the proteasome regulatory particle required for ubiquitin-conjugate degradation and related to the COP9-signalosome and eIF3. Cell 94: 615–623 (10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81603-7) / Cell by MH Glickman (1998)
Wei N, Chamovitz DA and Deng XW (1994) Arabidopsis COP9 is a component of a novel signaling complex mediating light control of development. Cell 78: 117–124 (10.1016/0092-8674(94)90578-9) / Cell by N Wei (1994)
Deshaies RJ (1999) SCF and cullin/ring H2-based ubiquitin ligases. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 15: 435–467 (10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.435) / Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. by RJ Deshaies (1999)
Cope GA and Deshaies RJ (2003) COP9 signalosome: a multifunctional regulator of SCF and other cullin-based ubiquitin ligases. Cell 114: 663–671 (10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00722-0) / Cell by GA Cope (2003)
Read MA, Brownell JE, Gladysheva TB, Hottelet M, Parent LA, Coggins MB, Pierce JW, Podust VN, Luo RS, Chau V and Palombella VJ (2000) Nedd8 modification of cul-1 activates SCF(beta(TrCP))-dependent. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 2326–2333 (10.1128/MCB.20.7.2326-2333.2000) / Mol. Cell. Biol. by MA Read (2000)
Ohh M, Kim WY, Moslehi JJ, Chen Y, Chau V, Read MA and Kaelin Jr WG (2002) An intact NEDD8 pathway is required for cullin-dependent ubiquitylation in mammalian cells. EMBO Rep. 3: 177–182 (10.1093/embo-reports/kvf028) / EMBO Rep. by M Ohh (2002)
Mundt KE, Liu C and Carr AM (2002) Deletion mutants in COP9/signalosome subunits in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe display distinct phenotypes. Mol. Cell Biol. 13: 493–502 (10.1091/mbc.01-10-0521) / Mol. Cell Biol. by KE Mundt (2002)
Bech-Otschir D, Kraft R, Huang X, Henklein P, Kapelari B, Pollmann C and Dubiel W (2001) COP9 signalosome-specific phosphorylation targets p53 to degradation by the ubiquitin system. EMBO J. 20: 1630–1639 (10.1093/emboj/20.7.1630) / EMBO J. by D Bech-Otschir (2001)
Dressel U, Thormeyer D, Altincicek B, Paululat A, Eggert M, Schneider S, Tenbaum SP, Renkawitz R and Baniahmad A (1999) Alien, a highly conserved protein with characteristics of a corepressor for members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 3383–3394 (10.1128/MCB.19.5.3383) / Mol. Cell. Biol. by U Dressel (1999)
Peng Z, Serino G and Deng XW (2001) Molecular characterization of subunit 6 of the COP9 signalosome and its role in multifaceted developmental processes in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 13: 2393–2407 (10.1105/tpc.13.11.2393) / Plant Cell. by Z Peng (2001)
Stewart SA, Poon B, Song JY and Chen IS (2000) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr induces apoptosis through caspase activation. J. Virol. 74: 3105–3111 (10.1128/JVI.74.7.3105-3111.2000) / J. Virol. by SA Stewart (2000)
Shostak LD, Ludlow J, Fisk J, Pursell S, Rimel BJ, Nguyen D, Rosenblatt JD and Planelles V (1999) Roles of p53 and caspases in the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by HIV-1 vpr. Exp. Cell Res. 251: 156–165 (10.1006/excr.1999.4568) / Exp. Cell Res. by LD Shostak (1999)
Patel CA, Mukhtar M and Pomerantz RJ (2000) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr induces apoptosis in human neuronal cells. J. Virol. 74: 9717–9726 (10.1128/JVI.74.20.9717-9726.2000) / J. Virol. by CA Patel (2000)
Jacotot E, Ravagnan L, Loeffler M, Ferri KF, Vieira HL, Zamzami N, Costantini P, Druillennec S, Hoebeke J, Briand JP, Irinopoulou T, Daugas E, Susin SA, Cointe D, Xie ZH, Reed JC, Roques BP and Kroemer G (2000) The HIV-1 viral protein R induces apoptosis via a direct effect on the mitochondria permeability transition pore. J. Exp. Med. 191: 33–46 (10.1084/jem.191.1.33) / J. Exp. Med. by E Jacotot (2000)
Jacotot E, Ferri KF, El Hamel C, Brenner C, Druillennec S, Hoebeke J, Rustin P, Metivier D, Lenoir C, Geuskens M, Vieira HL, Loeffler M, Belzacq AS, Briand JP, Zamzami N, Edelman L, Xie ZH, Reed JC, Roques BP and Kroemer G (2001) Control of mitochondria membrane permeabilization by adenine nucleotide translocator interacting with HIV-1 viral protein R and Bcl-2. J. Exp. Med. 193: 509–519 (10.1084/jem.193.4.509) / J. Exp. Med. by E Jacotot (2001)
Wei MC, Zong WX, Cheng EH, Lindsten T, Panoutsakopoulou V, Ross AJ, Roth KA, MacGregor GR, Thompson CB and Korsmeyer SJ (2001) Proapoptotic Bax and Bak: a requisite gateway to mitochondrial dysfunction and death. Science 292: 727–730 (10.1126/science.1059108) / Science by MC Wei (2001)
Roumier T, Vieira HL, Castedo M, Ferri KF, Boya P, Andreau K, Druillennec S, Joza N, Penninger JM, Roques B and Kroemer G (2002) The C-terminal moiety of HIV-1 Vpr induces cell death via a caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway. Cell Death Differ. 9: 1212–1219 (10.1038/sj.cdd.4401089) / Cell Death Differ. by T Roumier (2002)
Huang MB, Weeks O, Zhao LJ, Saltarelli M and Bond VC (2000) Effects of extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr protein in primary rat cortical cell cultures. J. Neurovirol. 6: 202–220 (10.3109/13550280009015823) / J. Neurovirol. by MB Huang (2000)
Levy DN, Fernandes LS, Williams WV and Weiner DB (1993) Induction of cell differentiation by human immunodeficiency virus 1 Vpr. Cell 72: 541–550 (10.1016/0092-8674(93)90073-Y) / Cell by DN Levy (1993)
Jowett JB, Planelles V, Poon B, Shah NP, Chen ML and Chen IS (1995) The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr gene arrests infected T cells in the G2+M phase of the cell cycle. J. Virol. 69: 6304–6313 (10.1128/JVI.69.10.6304-6313.1995) / J. Virol. by JB Jowett (1995)
He J, Choe S, Walker R, Di Marzio P, Morgan DO and Landau NR (1995) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral protein R (Vpr) arrests cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle by inhibiting p34cdc2 activity. J. Virol. 69: 6705–6711 (10.1128/JVI.69.11.6705-6711.1995) / J. Virol. by J He (1995)
Re F, Braaten D, Franke EK and Luban J (1995) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr arrests the cell cycle in G2 by inhibiting the activation of p34cdc2–cyclin B. J. Virol. 69: 6859–6864 (10.1128/JVI.69.11.6859-6864.1995) / J. Virol. by F Re (1995)
Stewart SA, Poon B, Jowett JB and Chen IS (1997) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr induces apoptosis following cell cycle arrest. J. Virol. 71: 5579–5592 (10.1128/JVI.71.7.5579-5592.1997) / J. Virol. by SA Stewart (1997)
Zhu Y, Gelbard HA, Roshal M, Pursell S, Jamieson BD and Planelles V (2001) Comparison of cell cycle arrest, transactivation, and apoptosis induced by the simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr genes. J. Virol. 75: 3791–3801 (10.1128/JVI.75.8.3791-3801.2001) / J. Virol. by Y Zhu (2001)
Stewart SA, Poon B, Jowett JB, Xie Y and Chen IS (1999) Lentiviral delivery of HIV-1 Vpr protein induces apoptosis in transformed cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 12039–12043 (10.1073/pnas.96.21.12039) / Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA by SA Stewart (1999)
Yuan H, Xie YM and Chen IS (2003) Depletion of Wee-1 kinase is necessary for both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr- and gamma irradiation-induced apoptosis. J. Virol. 77: 2063–2070 (10.1128/JVI.77.3.2063-2070.2003) / J. Virol. by H Yuan (2003)
Poon B, Jowett JB, Stewart SA, Armstrong RW, Rishton GM and Chen IS (1997) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr gene induces phenotypic effects similar to those of the DNA alkylating agent, nitrogen mustard. J. Virol. 71: 3961–3971 (10.1128/JVI.71.5.3961-3971.1997) / J. Virol. by B Poon (1997)
Roshal M, Kim B, Zhu Y, Nghiem P and Planelles V (2003) Activation of the ATR-mediated DNA damage response by the HIV-1 viral protein R. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 25879–25886 (10.1074/jbc.M303948200) / J. Biol. Chem. by M Roshal (2003)
Yao XJ, Mouland AJ, Subbramanian RA, Forget J, Rougeau N, Bergeron D and Coehn EA (1998) Vpr stimulates viral gene expression and indueces cell killing in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected dividing Jurkat T cells. J. Virol. 72: 4686–4693 (10.1128/JVI.72.6.4686-4693.1998) / J. Virol. by XJ Yao (1998)
Muthumani K, Zhang D, Hwang DS, Kudchodkar S, Dayes NS, Desai BM, Malik AS, Yang JS, Chattergoon MA, Maguire Jr HC and Weiner DB (2002) Adenovirus encoding HIV-1 Vpr activates caspase 9 and induces apoptotic cell death in both p53 positive and negative human tumor cell lines. Oncogene 21: 4613–4625 (10.1038/sj.onc.1205549) / Oncogene by K Muthumani (2002)
Nishizawa M, Kamata M, Mojin T, Nakai Y and Aida Y (2000) Induction of apoptosis by the Vpr protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 occurs independently of G(2) arrest of the cell cycle. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 16–26 / J. Biol. Chem. by M Nishizawa (2000)
Mahalingam S, Ayyavoo V, Patel M, Kieber-Emmons T and Weiner DB (1997) Nuclear import, virion incorporation, and cell cycle arrest/differentiation are mediated by distinct functional domains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr. J. Virol. 71: 6339–6347 (10.1128/JVI.71.9.6339-6347.1997) / J. Virol. by S Mahalingam (1997)
Sherman MP, de Noronha CM, Pearce D and Greene WC (2000) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr contains two leucine-rich helices that mediate glucocorticoid receptor coactivation independently of its effects on G(2) cell cycle arrest. J. Virol. 74: 8159–8165 (10.1128/JVI.74.17.8159-8165.2000) / J. Virol. by MP Sherman (2000)
Subbramanian RA, Yao XJ, Dilhuydy H, Rougeau N, Bergeron D, Robitaille Y and Cohen EA (1998) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr localization: nuclear transport of a viral protein modulated by a putative amphipathic helical structure and its relevance to biological activity. J. Mol. Biol. 278: 13–30 (10.1006/jmbi.1998.1685) / J. Mol. Biol. by RA Subbramanian (1998)
Agostini I, Popov S, Li J, Dubrovsky L, Hao T and Bukrinsky M (2000) Heat-shock protein 70 can replace viral protein R of HIV-1 during nuclear import of the viral preintegration complex. Esp. Cell Res. 259: 398–403 (10.1006/excr.2000.4992) / Esp. Cell Res. by I Agostini (2000)
Iordanskiy S, Zhao Y, DiMarzio P, Agostini I, Dubrovsky L and Bukrinsky M (2004) Heat-shock protein 70 exerts opposing effects on Vpr-dependent and Vpr-independent HIV-1 replication in macrophages. Blood 104: 1867–1872 (10.1182/blood-2004-01-0081) / Blood by S Iordanskiy (2004)
Iordanskiy S, Zhao Y, Dubrovsky L, Iordanskaya T, Chen M, Liang D and Bukrinsky M (2004) Heat shock protein 70 protects cells from cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral protein R. J. Virol. 78: 9697–9704 (10.1128/JVI.78.18.9697-9704.2004) / J. Virol. by S Iordanskiy (2004)
Conti L, Rainaldi G, Matarrese P, Varano B, Rivabene R, Columba S, Sato A, Belardelli F, Malorni W and Gessani S (1998) The HIV-1 vpr protein acts as a negative regulator of apoptosis in a human lymphoblastoid T cell line: possible implications for the pathogenesis of AIDS. J. Exp. Med. 187: 403–413 (10.1084/jem.187.3.403) / J. Exp. Med. by L Conti (1998)
Fukumori T, Akari H, Iida S, Hata S, Kagawa S, Aida Y, Koyama AH and Adachi A (1998) The HIV-1 Vpr displays strong anti-apoptotic activity. FEBS Lett. 432: 17–20 (10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00824-2) / FEBS Lett. by T Fukumori (1998)

Dates

Type	When
Created	20 years, 4 months ago (April 15, 2005, 5:14 a.m.)
Deposited	2 years, 3 months ago (May 17, 2023, 8:25 p.m.)
Indexed	1 month, 2 weeks ago (July 11, 2025, 9:14 p.m.)
Issued	20 years, 4 months ago (April 15, 2005)
Published	20 years, 4 months ago (April 15, 2005)
Published Online	20 years, 4 months ago (April 15, 2005)
Published Print	20 years, 1 month ago (Aug. 1, 2005)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Muthumani_2005, title={Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr-regulated cell death: insights into mechanism}, volume={12}, ISSN={1476-5403}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4401583}, DOI={10.1038/sj.cdd.4401583}, number={S1}, journal={Cell Death & Differentiation}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Muthumani, K and Choo, A Y and Premkumar, A and Hwang, D S and Thieu, K P and Desai, B M and Weiner, D B}, year={2005}, month=apr, pages={962–970} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        7,
        12
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-07-12T01:14:45Z",
    "timestamp": 1752282885999
  },
  "reference-count": 62,
  "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  "issue": "S1",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2005,
            4,
            15
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2005-04-15T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1113523200000
      },
      "content-version": "tdm",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "http://www.springer.com/tdm"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        8
      ]
    ]
  },
  "DOI": "10.1038/sj.cdd.4401583",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        4,
        15
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2005-04-15T09:14:58Z",
    "timestamp": 1113556498000
  },
  "page": "962-970",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 43,
  "title": "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr-regulated cell death: insights into mechanism",
  "prefix": "10.1038",
  "volume": "12",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "K",
      "family": "Muthumani",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "A Y",
      "family": "Choo",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "A",
      "family": "Premkumar",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "D S",
      "family": "Hwang",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "K P",
      "family": "Thieu",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "B M",
      "family": "Desai",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "D B",
      "family": "Weiner",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "297",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        4,
        15
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1880",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.280.5371.1880",
      "volume": "280",
      "author": "M Emerman",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Emerman M and Malim MH (1998) HIV-1 regulatory/accessory genes: keys to unraveling viral and host cell biology. Science 280: 1880\u20131884",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "679",
      "DOI": "10.1089/104454902760330228",
      "volume": "21",
      "author": "MP Sherman",
      "year": "2002",
      "unstructured": "Sherman MP, De Noronha MC, Williams SA and Greene WC (2002) Insights into the biology of HIV-1 viral protein R. DNA Cell Biol. 21: 679\u2013688",
      "journal-title": "DNA Cell Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "583",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00631-4",
      "volume": "304",
      "author": "K Muthumani",
      "year": "2003",
      "unstructured": "Muthumani K, Choo AY, Hwang DS, Chattergoon MA, Dayes NN, Zhang D, Lee MD, Duvvuri U and Weiner DB (2003) Mechanism of HIV-1 viral protein R-induced apoptosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 304: 583\u2013592",
      "journal-title": "Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1547",
      "DOI": "10.1172/JCI16233",
      "volume": "111",
      "author": "JJ Lum",
      "year": "2003",
      "unstructured": "Lum JJ, Cohen OJ, Nie Z, Weaver JG, Gomez TS, Yao XJ, Lynch D, Pilon AA, Hawley N, Kim JE, Chen Z, Montpetit M, Sanchez-Dardon J, Cohen EA and Badley AD (2003) Vpr R77Q is associated with long-term nonprogressive HIV infection and impaired induction of apoptosis. J. Clin. Invest. 111: 1547\u20131554",
      "journal-title": "J. Clin. Invest."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "9503",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.142313699",
      "volume": "99",
      "author": "M Somasundaran",
      "year": "2002",
      "unstructured": "Somasundaran M, Sharkey M, Brichacek B, Luzuriaga K, Emerman M, Sullican JL and Stevenson M (2002) Evidence for a cytopahtogenicity determinant in HIV-1 Vpr. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 9503\u20139508",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR6",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1103",
      "DOI": "10.1084/jem.187.7.1103",
      "volume": "187",
      "author": "RA Subbramanian",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Subbramanian RA, Kessous-Elbaz A, Lodge R, Forget J, Yao XJ, Bergeron D and Cohen EA (1998) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr is a positive regulator of viral transcription and infectivity in primary human macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 187: 1103\u20131111",
      "journal-title": "J. Exp. Med."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1407",
      "DOI": "10.1084/jem.194.10.1407",
      "volume": "194",
      "author": "DA Eckstein",
      "year": "2001",
      "unstructured": "Eckstein DA, Sherman MP, Penn ML, Chin PS, De Noronha CM, Greene WC and Goldsmith MA (2001) HIV-1 Vpr enhances viral burden by facilitating infection of tissue macrophages but not nondividing CD4+ T cells. J. Exp. Med. 194: 1407\u20131419",
      "journal-title": "J. Exp. Med."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "10873",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.91.23.10873",
      "volume": "91",
      "author": "DN Levy",
      "year": "1994",
      "unstructured": "Levy DN, Refaeli Y, MacGregor RR and Weiner DB (1994) Serum Vpr regulates productive infection and latency of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 10873\u201310877",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "4595",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.95.8.4595",
      "volume": "95",
      "author": "SC Piller",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Piller SC, Jans P, Gage PW and Jans DA (1998) Extracellular HIV-1 virus protein R causes a large inward current and cell death in cultured hippocampal neurons: implications for AIDS pathology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 4595\u20134600",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "20",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00328-1",
      "volume": "57",
      "author": "PK Tungaturthi",
      "year": "2003",
      "unstructured": "Tungaturthi PK, Sawaya BE, Singh SP, Tomkowicz B, Ayyavoo V, Khalili K, Collman RG, Amini S and Srinivasan A (2003) Role of HIV-1 Vpr in AIDS pathogenesis: relevance and implications of intravirion, intracellular, and free Vpr. Biomed. Pharmacother. 57: 20\u201324",
      "journal-title": "Biomed. Pharmacother."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR11",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "39",
      "DOI": "10.1002/(SICI)1099-1654(199901/03)9:1<39::AID-RMV235>3.0.CO;2-3",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "M Bukrinsky",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Bukrinsky M and Adzhubei A (1999) Viral protein R of HIV-1. Rev. Med. Virol. 9: 39\u201349",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Med. Virol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "149",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05609.x",
      "volume": "926",
      "author": "KF Ferri",
      "year": "2000",
      "unstructured": "Ferri KF, Jacotot E, Blanco J, Este JA and Kroemer G (2000) Mitochondrial control of cell death induced by HIV-1-encoding proteins. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 926: 149\u2013164",
      "journal-title": "Ann. NY Acad. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR13",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "3621",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.92.8.3621",
      "volume": "92",
      "author": "Y Refaeli",
      "year": "1995",
      "unstructured": "Refaeli Y, Levy DN and Weiner DB (1995) The glucocorticoid receptor type II complex is a target of the HIV-1 vpr gene product. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 3621\u20133625",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "3419",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.95.7.3419",
      "volume": "95",
      "author": "S Mahalingham",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Mahalingham S, Ayyavoo V, Patel M, Kieber-Emmons T, Kao GD, Muschel RJ and Weiner DB (1997) HIV-1 Vpr interacts with a human 34-kDa move34 homologue, a cellular factor linked to the G2/M phase transition of the mammalian cell cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 3419\u20133424",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR15",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "47854",
      "DOI": "10.1074/jbc.M203905200",
      "volume": "277",
      "author": "MP Ramanathan",
      "year": "2002",
      "unstructured": "Ramanathan MP, Curley III E, Su M, Chambers JA and Weiner DB (2002) Carboxyl terminus of hVIP/mov34 is critical for HIV-1-Vpr interaction and glucocorticoid-mediated signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 47854\u201347860",
      "journal-title": "J. Biol. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "501",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0888-7543(91)90056-K",
      "volume": "11",
      "author": "T Gridley",
      "year": "1991",
      "unstructured": "Gridley T, Jaenisch R and Gendron-Maguire M (1991) The murine Mov-34 gene: full length cDNA and genomic organization. Genomics 11: 501\u2013507",
      "journal-title": "Genomics"
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR17",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1117",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nm1097-1117",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "V Ayyavoo",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Ayyavoo V, Mahboubi A, Mahalingam S, Ramalingam R, Kudchodkar S, Williams WV, Green DR and Weiner DB (1997) HIV-1 Vpr suppresses immune activation and apoptosis through the regulation of nuclear factor kappa B. Nat. Med. 3: 1117\u20131123",
      "journal-title": "Nat. Med."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "283",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.270.5234.283",
      "volume": "270",
      "author": "RI Scheinman",
      "year": "1995",
      "unstructured": "Scheinman RI, Cogswell PC, Lofquist AK and Baldwin Jr AS (1995) Role of transcriptional activation of I kappa B alpha in mediation of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids. Science 270: 283\u2013286",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR19",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "286",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.270.5234.286",
      "volume": "270",
      "author": "N Auphan",
      "year": "1995",
      "unstructured": "Auphan N, DiDonato JA, Rosette C, Helmberg A and Karin M (1995) Immunosuppression by gluocorticoids: inhibition of NF-kappa B activity through induction of I kappa B synthesis. Science 270: 286\u2013290",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR20",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "51",
      "DOI": "10.1084/jem.189.1.51",
      "volume": "189",
      "author": "T Kino",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Kino T, Gragerov A, Kopp JB, Stauber RH, Pavlakis GN and Chrousos GP (1999) The HIV-1 virion-associated protein vpr is a coactivator of the human glucocorticoid receptor. J. Exp. Med. 189: 51\u201362",
      "journal-title": "J. Exp. Med."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR21",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "37820",
      "DOI": "10.1074/jbc.M205313200",
      "volume": "277",
      "author": "K Muthumani",
      "year": "2002",
      "unstructured": "Muthumani K, Hwang DS, Desai BM, Zhang D, Dayes N, Green DR and Weiner DB (2002) HIV-1 Vpr induces apoptosis through caspase 9 in T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 37820\u201337831",
      "journal-title": "J. Biol. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR22",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "261",
      "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.cellbio.19.111301.112449",
      "volume": "19",
      "author": "N Wei",
      "year": "2003",
      "unstructured": "Wei N and Deng XW (2003) The COP9 signalosome. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 19: 261\u2013286",
      "journal-title": "Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR23",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "729",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1999.2827",
      "volume": "289",
      "author": "CP Ponting",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Ponting CP, Aravind L, Schultz J, Bork P and Koonin EV (1999) Eukaryotic signalling domain homologues in archaea and bacteria. Ancient ancestry and horizontal gene transfer. J. Mol. Biol. 289: 729\u2013734",
      "journal-title": "J. Mol. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "615",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81603-7",
      "volume": "94",
      "author": "MH Glickman",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Glickman MH, Rubin DM, Coux O, Wefes I, Pfeifer G, Cjeka Z, Baumeister W, Fried VA and Finley D (1998) A subcomplex of the proteasome regulatory particle required for ubiquitin-conjugate degradation and related to the COP9-signalosome and eIF3. Cell 94: 615\u2013623",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR25",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "117",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(94)90578-9",
      "volume": "78",
      "author": "N Wei",
      "year": "1994",
      "unstructured": "Wei N, Chamovitz DA and Deng XW (1994) Arabidopsis COP9 is a component of a novel signaling complex mediating light control of development. Cell 78: 117\u2013124",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "435",
      "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.435",
      "volume": "15",
      "author": "RJ Deshaies",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Deshaies RJ (1999) SCF and cullin/ring H2-based ubiquitin ligases. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 15: 435\u2013467",
      "journal-title": "Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR27",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "663",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00722-0",
      "volume": "114",
      "author": "GA Cope",
      "year": "2003",
      "unstructured": "Cope GA and Deshaies RJ (2003) COP9 signalosome: a multifunctional regulator of SCF and other cullin-based ubiquitin ligases. Cell 114: 663\u2013671",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR28",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "2326",
      "DOI": "10.1128/MCB.20.7.2326-2333.2000",
      "volume": "20",
      "author": "MA Read",
      "year": "2000",
      "unstructured": "Read MA, Brownell JE, Gladysheva TB, Hottelet M, Parent LA, Coggins MB, Pierce JW, Podust VN, Luo RS, Chau V and Palombella VJ (2000) Nedd8 modification of cul-1 activates SCF(beta(TrCP))-dependent. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 2326\u20132333",
      "journal-title": "Mol. Cell. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR29",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "177",
      "DOI": "10.1093/embo-reports/kvf028",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "M Ohh",
      "year": "2002",
      "unstructured": "Ohh M, Kim WY, Moslehi JJ, Chen Y, Chau V, Read MA and Kaelin Jr WG (2002) An intact NEDD8 pathway is required for cullin-dependent ubiquitylation in mammalian cells. EMBO Rep. 3: 177\u2013182",
      "journal-title": "EMBO Rep."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR30",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "493",
      "DOI": "10.1091/mbc.01-10-0521",
      "volume": "13",
      "author": "KE Mundt",
      "year": "2002",
      "unstructured": "Mundt KE, Liu C and Carr AM (2002) Deletion mutants in COP9/signalosome subunits in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe display distinct phenotypes. Mol. Cell Biol. 13: 493\u2013502",
      "journal-title": "Mol. Cell Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR31",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1630",
      "DOI": "10.1093/emboj/20.7.1630",
      "volume": "20",
      "author": "D Bech-Otschir",
      "year": "2001",
      "unstructured": "Bech-Otschir D, Kraft R, Huang X, Henklein P, Kapelari B, Pollmann C and Dubiel W (2001) COP9 signalosome-specific phosphorylation targets p53 to degradation by the ubiquitin system. EMBO J. 20: 1630\u20131639",
      "journal-title": "EMBO J."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR32",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "3383",
      "DOI": "10.1128/MCB.19.5.3383",
      "volume": "19",
      "author": "U Dressel",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Dressel U, Thormeyer D, Altincicek B, Paululat A, Eggert M, Schneider S, Tenbaum SP, Renkawitz R and Baniahmad A (1999) Alien, a highly conserved protein with characteristics of a corepressor for members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 3383\u20133394",
      "journal-title": "Mol. Cell. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "2393",
      "DOI": "10.1105/tpc.13.11.2393",
      "volume": "13",
      "author": "Z Peng",
      "year": "2001",
      "unstructured": "Peng Z, Serino G and Deng XW (2001) Molecular characterization of subunit 6 of the COP9 signalosome and its role in multifaceted developmental processes in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 13: 2393\u20132407",
      "journal-title": "Plant Cell."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR34",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "3105",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JVI.74.7.3105-3111.2000",
      "volume": "74",
      "author": "SA Stewart",
      "year": "2000",
      "unstructured": "Stewart SA, Poon B, Song JY and Chen IS (2000) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr induces apoptosis through caspase activation. J. Virol. 74: 3105\u20133111",
      "journal-title": "J. Virol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR35",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "156",
      "DOI": "10.1006/excr.1999.4568",
      "volume": "251",
      "author": "LD Shostak",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Shostak LD, Ludlow J, Fisk J, Pursell S, Rimel BJ, Nguyen D, Rosenblatt JD and Planelles V (1999) Roles of p53 and caspases in the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by HIV-1 vpr. Exp. Cell Res. 251: 156\u2013165",
      "journal-title": "Exp. Cell Res."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR36",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "9717",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JVI.74.20.9717-9726.2000",
      "volume": "74",
      "author": "CA Patel",
      "year": "2000",
      "unstructured": "Patel CA, Mukhtar M and Pomerantz RJ (2000) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr induces apoptosis in human neuronal cells. J. Virol. 74: 9717\u20139726",
      "journal-title": "J. Virol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR37",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "33",
      "DOI": "10.1084/jem.191.1.33",
      "volume": "191",
      "author": "E Jacotot",
      "year": "2000",
      "unstructured": "Jacotot E, Ravagnan L, Loeffler M, Ferri KF, Vieira HL, Zamzami N, Costantini P, Druillennec S, Hoebeke J, Briand JP, Irinopoulou T, Daugas E, Susin SA, Cointe D, Xie ZH, Reed JC, Roques BP and Kroemer G (2000) The HIV-1 viral protein R induces apoptosis via a direct effect on the mitochondria permeability transition pore. J. Exp. Med. 191: 33\u201346",
      "journal-title": "J. Exp. Med."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR38",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "509",
      "DOI": "10.1084/jem.193.4.509",
      "volume": "193",
      "author": "E Jacotot",
      "year": "2001",
      "unstructured": "Jacotot E, Ferri KF, El Hamel C, Brenner C, Druillennec S, Hoebeke J, Rustin P, Metivier D, Lenoir C, Geuskens M, Vieira HL, Loeffler M, Belzacq AS, Briand JP, Zamzami N, Edelman L, Xie ZH, Reed JC, Roques BP and Kroemer G (2001) Control of mitochondria membrane permeabilization by adenine nucleotide translocator interacting with HIV-1 viral protein R and Bcl-2. J. Exp. Med. 193: 509\u2013519",
      "journal-title": "J. Exp. Med."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR39",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "727",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1059108",
      "volume": "292",
      "author": "MC Wei",
      "year": "2001",
      "unstructured": "Wei MC, Zong WX, Cheng EH, Lindsten T, Panoutsakopoulou V, Ross AJ, Roth KA, MacGregor GR, Thompson CB and Korsmeyer SJ (2001) Proapoptotic Bax and Bak: a requisite gateway to mitochondrial dysfunction and death. Science 292: 727\u2013730",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR40",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1212",
      "DOI": "10.1038/sj.cdd.4401089",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "T Roumier",
      "year": "2002",
      "unstructured": "Roumier T, Vieira HL, Castedo M, Ferri KF, Boya P, Andreau K, Druillennec S, Joza N, Penninger JM, Roques B and Kroemer G (2002) The C-terminal moiety of HIV-1 Vpr induces cell death via a caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway. Cell Death Differ. 9: 1212\u20131219",
      "journal-title": "Cell Death Differ."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR41",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "202",
      "DOI": "10.3109/13550280009015823",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "MB Huang",
      "year": "2000",
      "unstructured": "Huang MB, Weeks O, Zhao LJ, Saltarelli M and Bond VC (2000) Effects of extracellular human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr protein in primary rat cortical cell cultures. J. Neurovirol. 6: 202\u2013220",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurovirol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR42",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "541",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(93)90073-Y",
      "volume": "72",
      "author": "DN Levy",
      "year": "1993",
      "unstructured": "Levy DN, Fernandes LS, Williams WV and Weiner DB (1993) Induction of cell differentiation by human immunodeficiency virus 1 Vpr. Cell 72: 541\u2013550",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR43",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "6304",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JVI.69.10.6304-6313.1995",
      "volume": "69",
      "author": "JB Jowett",
      "year": "1995",
      "unstructured": "Jowett JB, Planelles V, Poon B, Shah NP, Chen ML and Chen IS (1995) The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr gene arrests infected T cells in the G2+M phase of the cell cycle. J. Virol. 69: 6304\u20136313",
      "journal-title": "J. Virol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR44",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "6705",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JVI.69.11.6705-6711.1995",
      "volume": "69",
      "author": "J He",
      "year": "1995",
      "unstructured": "He J, Choe S, Walker R, Di Marzio P, Morgan DO and Landau NR (1995) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral protein R (Vpr) arrests cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle by inhibiting p34cdc2 activity. J. Virol. 69: 6705\u20136711",
      "journal-title": "J. Virol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR45",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "6859",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JVI.69.11.6859-6864.1995",
      "volume": "69",
      "author": "F Re",
      "year": "1995",
      "unstructured": "Re F, Braaten D, Franke EK and Luban J (1995) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr arrests the cell cycle in G2 by inhibiting the activation of p34cdc2\u2013cyclin B. J. Virol. 69: 6859\u20136864",
      "journal-title": "J. Virol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR46",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5579",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JVI.71.7.5579-5592.1997",
      "volume": "71",
      "author": "SA Stewart",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Stewart SA, Poon B, Jowett JB and Chen IS (1997) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr induces apoptosis following cell cycle arrest. J. Virol. 71: 5579\u20135592",
      "journal-title": "J. Virol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR47",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "3791",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JVI.75.8.3791-3801.2001",
      "volume": "75",
      "author": "Y Zhu",
      "year": "2001",
      "unstructured": "Zhu Y, Gelbard HA, Roshal M, Pursell S, Jamieson BD and Planelles V (2001) Comparison of cell cycle arrest, transactivation, and apoptosis induced by the simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr genes. J. Virol. 75: 3791\u20133801",
      "journal-title": "J. Virol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR48",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "12039",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.96.21.12039",
      "volume": "96",
      "author": "SA Stewart",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Stewart SA, Poon B, Jowett JB, Xie Y and Chen IS (1999) Lentiviral delivery of HIV-1 Vpr protein induces apoptosis in transformed cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 12039\u201312043",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR49",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "2063",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JVI.77.3.2063-2070.2003",
      "volume": "77",
      "author": "H Yuan",
      "year": "2003",
      "unstructured": "Yuan H, Xie YM and Chen IS (2003) Depletion of Wee-1 kinase is necessary for both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr- and gamma irradiation-induced apoptosis. J. Virol. 77: 2063\u20132070",
      "journal-title": "J. Virol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR50",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3961",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JVI.71.5.3961-3971.1997",
      "volume": "71",
      "author": "B Poon",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Poon B, Jowett JB, Stewart SA, Armstrong RW, Rishton GM and Chen IS (1997) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr gene induces phenotypic effects similar to those of the DNA alkylating agent, nitrogen mustard. J. Virol. 71: 3961\u20133971",
      "journal-title": "J. Virol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR51",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "25879",
      "DOI": "10.1074/jbc.M303948200",
      "volume": "278",
      "author": "M Roshal",
      "year": "2003",
      "unstructured": "Roshal M, Kim B, Zhu Y, Nghiem P and Planelles V (2003) Activation of the ATR-mediated DNA damage response by the HIV-1 viral protein R. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 25879\u201325886",
      "journal-title": "J. Biol. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR52",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4686",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JVI.72.6.4686-4693.1998",
      "volume": "72",
      "author": "XJ Yao",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Yao XJ, Mouland AJ, Subbramanian RA, Forget J, Rougeau N, Bergeron D and Coehn EA (1998) Vpr stimulates viral gene expression and indueces cell killing in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected dividing Jurkat T cells. J. Virol. 72: 4686\u20134693",
      "journal-title": "J. Virol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR53",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "4613",
      "DOI": "10.1038/sj.onc.1205549",
      "volume": "21",
      "author": "K Muthumani",
      "year": "2002",
      "unstructured": "Muthumani K, Zhang D, Hwang DS, Kudchodkar S, Dayes NS, Desai BM, Malik AS, Yang JS, Chattergoon MA, Maguire Jr HC and Weiner DB (2002) Adenovirus encoding HIV-1 Vpr activates caspase 9 and induces apoptotic cell death in both p53 positive and negative human tumor cell lines. Oncogene 21: 4613\u20134625",
      "journal-title": "Oncogene"
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR54",
      "first-page": "16",
      "volume": "276",
      "author": "M Nishizawa",
      "year": "2000",
      "unstructured": "Nishizawa M, Kamata M, Mojin T, Nakai Y and Aida Y (2000) Induction of apoptosis by the Vpr protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 occurs independently of G(2) arrest of the cell cycle. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 16\u201326",
      "journal-title": "J. Biol. Chem."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR55",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "6339",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JVI.71.9.6339-6347.1997",
      "volume": "71",
      "author": "S Mahalingam",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Mahalingam S, Ayyavoo V, Patel M, Kieber-Emmons T and Weiner DB (1997) Nuclear import, virion incorporation, and cell cycle arrest/differentiation are mediated by distinct functional domains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr. J. Virol. 71: 6339\u20136347",
      "journal-title": "J. Virol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR56",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "8159",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JVI.74.17.8159-8165.2000",
      "volume": "74",
      "author": "MP Sherman",
      "year": "2000",
      "unstructured": "Sherman MP, de Noronha CM, Pearce D and Greene WC (2000) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr contains two leucine-rich helices that mediate glucocorticoid receptor coactivation independently of its effects on G(2) cell cycle arrest. J. Virol. 74: 8159\u20138165",
      "journal-title": "J. Virol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR57",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "13",
      "DOI": "10.1006/jmbi.1998.1685",
      "volume": "278",
      "author": "RA Subbramanian",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Subbramanian RA, Yao XJ, Dilhuydy H, Rougeau N, Bergeron D, Robitaille Y and Cohen EA (1998) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr localization: nuclear transport of a viral protein modulated by a putative amphipathic helical structure and its relevance to biological activity. J. Mol. Biol. 278: 13\u201330",
      "journal-title": "J. Mol. Biol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR58",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "398",
      "DOI": "10.1006/excr.2000.4992",
      "volume": "259",
      "author": "I Agostini",
      "year": "2000",
      "unstructured": "Agostini I, Popov S, Li J, Dubrovsky L, Hao T and Bukrinsky M (2000) Heat-shock protein 70 can replace viral protein R of HIV-1 during nuclear import of the viral preintegration complex. Esp. Cell Res. 259: 398\u2013403",
      "journal-title": "Esp. Cell Res."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR59",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1867",
      "DOI": "10.1182/blood-2004-01-0081",
      "volume": "104",
      "author": "S Iordanskiy",
      "year": "2004",
      "unstructured": "Iordanskiy S, Zhao Y, DiMarzio P, Agostini I, Dubrovsky L and Bukrinsky M (2004) Heat-shock protein 70 exerts opposing effects on Vpr-dependent and Vpr-independent HIV-1 replication in macrophages. Blood 104: 1867\u20131872",
      "journal-title": "Blood"
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR60",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "9697",
      "DOI": "10.1128/JVI.78.18.9697-9704.2004",
      "volume": "78",
      "author": "S Iordanskiy",
      "year": "2004",
      "unstructured": "Iordanskiy S, Zhao Y, Dubrovsky L, Iordanskaya T, Chen M, Liang D and Bukrinsky M (2004) Heat shock protein 70 protects cells from cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral protein R. J. Virol. 78: 9697\u20139704",
      "journal-title": "J. Virol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR61",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "403",
      "DOI": "10.1084/jem.187.3.403",
      "volume": "187",
      "author": "L Conti",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Conti L, Rainaldi G, Matarrese P, Varano B, Rivabene R, Columba S, Sato A, Belardelli F, Malorni W and Gessani S (1998) The HIV-1 vpr protein acts as a negative regulator of apoptosis in a human lymphoblastoid T cell line: possible implications for the pathogenesis of AIDS. J. Exp. Med. 187: 403\u2013413",
      "journal-title": "J. Exp. Med."
    },
    {
      "key": "BF4401583_CR62",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "17",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00824-2",
      "volume": "432",
      "author": "T Fukumori",
      "year": "1998",
      "unstructured": "Fukumori T, Akari H, Iida S, Hata S, Kagawa S, Aida Y, Koyama AH and Adachi A (1998) The HIV-1 Vpr displays strong anti-apoptotic activity. FEBS Lett. 432: 17\u201320",
      "journal-title": "FEBS Lett."
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Cell Death &amp; Differentiation",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "http://www.nature.com/articles/4401583.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "http://www.nature.com/articles/4401583",
      "content-type": "text/html",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "http://www.nature.com/articles/4401583.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        5,
        18
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-05-18T00:25:08Z",
    "timestamp": 1684369508000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/4401583"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        4,
        15
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 62,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "S1",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2005,
          8
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "BF4401583"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4401583",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "1350-9047",
    "1476-5403"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Cell Death Differ",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        4,
        15
      ]
    ]
  }
}