Probing and controlling magnetic states in 2D layered magnetic materials
10.1038/s42254-019-0110-y
Crossref journal-article
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Nature Reviews Physics (297)
Bibliography

Mak, K. F., Shan, J., & Ralph, D. C. (2019). Probing and controlling magnetic states in 2D layered magnetic materials. Nature Reviews Physics, 1(11), 646–661.

Authors 3
  1. Kin Fai Mak (first)
  2. Jie Shan (additional)
  3. Daniel C. Ralph (additional)
References 135 Referenced 442
  1. Geim, A. K. & Novoselov, K. S. The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6, 183–191 (2007). (10.1038/nmat1849) / Nat. Mater. by AK Geim (2007)
  2. Geim, A. K. & Grigorieva, I. V. Van der Waals heterostructures. Nature 499, 419–425 (2013). (10.1038/nature12385) / Nature by AK Geim (2013)
  3. Manzeli, S., Ovchinnikov, D., Pasquier, D., Yazyev, O. V. & Kis, A. 2D transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2, 17033 (2017). (10.1038/natrevmats.2017.33) / Nat. Rev. Mater. by S Manzeli (2017)
  4. Han, W., Kawakami, R. K., Gmitra, M. & Fabian, J. Graphene spintronics. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 794 (2014). (10.1038/nnano.2014.214) / Nat. Nanotechnol. by W Han (2014)
  5. Tongay, S., Varnoosfaderani, S. S., Appleton, B. R., Wu, J. & Hebard, A. F. Magnetic properties of MoS2: existence of ferromagnetism. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 123105 (2012). (10.1063/1.4753797) / Appl. Phys. Lett. by S Tongay (2012)
  6. Yan, S. et al. Enhancement of magnetism by structural phase transition in MoS2. Appl. Phys. Lett. 106, 012408 (2015). (10.1063/1.4905656) / Appl. Phys. Lett. by S Yan (2015)
  7. Guguchia, Z. et al. Magnetism in semiconducting molybdenum dichalcogenides. Sci. Adv. 4, eaat3672 (2018). (10.1126/sciadv.aat3672) / Sci. Adv. by Z Guguchia (2018)
  8. Chittari, B. L. et al. Electronic and magnetic properties of single-layer MPX3 metal phosphorous trichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B 94, 184428 (2016). (10.1103/PhysRevB.94.184428) / Phys. Rev. B by BL Chittari (2016)
  9. Liu, J., Sun, Q., Kawazoe, Y. & Jena, P. Exfoliating biocompatible ferromagnetic Cr-trihalide monolayers. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 8777–8784 (2016). (10.1039/C5CP04835D) / Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. by J Liu (2016)
  10. Sivadas, N., Daniels, M. W., Swendsen, R. H., Okamoto, S. & Xiao, D. Magnetic ground state of semiconducting transition-metal trichalcogenide monolayers. Phys. Rev. B 91, 235425 (2015). (10.1103/PhysRevB.91.235425) / Phys. Rev. B by N Sivadas (2015)
  11. Wang, H., Eyert, V. & Schwingenschlögl, U. Electronic structure and magnetic ordering of the semiconducting chromium trihalides CrCl3, CrBr3, and CrI3. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 23, 116003 (2011). (10.1088/0953-8984/23/11/116003) / J. Phys. Condens. Matter by H Wang (2011)
  12. Zhang, W.-B., Qu, Q., Zhu, P. & Lam, C.-H. Robust intrinsic ferromagnetism and half semiconductivity in stable two-dimensional single-layer chromium trihalides. J. Mater. Chem. C. 3, 12457–12468 (2015). (10.1039/C5TC02840J) / J. Mater. Chem. C. by W-B Zhang (2015)
  13. Lebègue, S., Björkman, T., Klintenberg, M., Nieminen, R. M. & Eriksson, O. Two-dimensional materials from data filtering and ab initio calculations. Phys. Rev. X 3, 031002 (2013). / Phys. Rev. X by S Lebègue (2013)
  14. Li, X., Cao, T., Niu, Q., Shi, J. & Feng, J. Coupling the valley degree of freedom to antiferromagnetic order. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 3738–3742 (2013). (10.1073/pnas.1219420110) / Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA by X Li (2013)
  15. Gong, C. et al. Discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetism in two-dimensional van der Waals crystals. Nature 546, 265–269 (2017). The first optical probe of magnetic states in 2D Cr 2 Ge 2 Te 6. (10.1038/nature22060) / Nature by C Gong (2017)
  16. Huang, B. et al. Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit. Nature 546, 270–273 (2017). The first demonstration of layer number dependent magnetic states in 2D CrI 3. (10.1038/nature22391) / Nature by B Huang (2017)
  17. Hellman, F. et al. Interface-induced phenomena in magnetism. Rev. Mod. Phys. 89, 025006 (2017). (10.1103/RevModPhys.89.025006) / Rev. Mod. Phys. by F Hellman (2017)
  18. Sander, D. et al. The 2017 magnetism roadmap. J. Phys. D 50, 363001 (2017). (10.1088/1361-6463/aa81a1) / J. Phys. D by D Sander (2017)
  19. Bromberg, D. M., Morris, D. H., Pileggi, L. & Zhu, J. Novel STT-MTJ device enabling all-metallic logic circuits. IEEE Trans. Magn. 48, 3215–3218 (2012). (10.1109/TMAG.2012.2197186) / IEEE Trans. Magn. by DM Bromberg (2012)
  20. Datta, S., Salahuddin, S. & Behin-Aein, B. Non-volatile spin switch for Boolean and non-Boolean logic. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 252411 (2012). (10.1063/1.4769989) / Appl. Phys. Lett. by S Datta (2012)
  21. Arias, R. & Mills, D. L. Extrinsic contributions to the ferromagnetic resonance response of ultrathin films. Phys. Rev. B 60, 7395–7409 (1999). (10.1103/PhysRevB.60.7395) / Phys. Rev. B by R Arias (1999)
  22. Kang, K. et al. Layer-by-layer assembly of two-dimensional materials into wafer-scale heterostructures. Nature 550, 229–233 (2017). (10.1038/nature23905) / Nature by K Kang (2017)
  23. Fisher, M. E. The renormalization group in the theory of critical behavior. Rev. Mod. Phys. 46, 597–616 (1974). (10.1103/RevModPhys.46.597) / Rev. Mod. Phys. by ME Fisher (1974)
  24. Zhong, D. et al. Van der Waals engineering of ferromagnetic semiconductor heterostructures for spin and valleytronics. Sci. Adv. 3, e1603113 (2017). (10.1126/sciadv.1603113) / Sci. Adv. by D Zhong (2017)
  25. Mak, K. F., Xiao, D. & Shan, J. Light–valley interactions in 2D semiconductors. Nat. Photon. 12, 451–460 (2018). (10.1038/s41566-018-0204-6) / Nat. Photon. by KF Mak (2018)
  26. Xu, X., Yao, W., Xiao, D. & Heinz, T. F. Spin and pseudospins in layered transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Phys. 10, 343–350 (2014). (10.1038/nphys2942) / Nat. Phys. by X Xu (2014)
  27. Eschrig, M. Spin-polarized supercurrents for spintronics. Phys. Today 64, 43–49 (2010). (10.1063/1.3541944) / Phys. Today by M Eschrig (2010)
  28. Hasan, M. Z. & Kane, C. L. Colloquium: topological insulators. Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 3045–3067 (2010). (10.1103/RevModPhys.82.3045) / Rev. Mod. Phys. by MZ Hasan (2010)
  29. Sivadas, N., Okamoto, S., Xu, X., Fennie, C. J. & Xiao, D. Stacking-dependent magnetism in bilayer CrI3. Nano Lett. 18, 7658–7664 (2018). (10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03321) / Nano Lett. by N Sivadas (2018)
  30. Tong, Q., Liu, F., Xiao, J. & Yao, W. Skyrmions in the moiré of van der Waals 2D magnets. Nano Lett. 18, 7194–7199 (2018). (10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03315) / Nano Lett. by Q Tong (2018)
  31. McGuire, M. A. Crystal and magnetic structures in layered, transition metal dihalides and trihalides. Crystals 7, 121 (2017). (10.3390/cryst7050121) / Crystals by MA McGuire (2017)
  32. Brec, R. Review on structural and chemical properties of transition metal phosphorous trisulfides MPS3. Solid State Ion. 22, 3–30 (1986). (10.1016/0167-2738(86)90055-X) / Solid State Ion. by R Brec (1986)
  33. Susner, M. A., Chyasnavichyus, M., McGuire, M. A., Ganesh, P. & Maksymovych, P. Metal thio- and selenophosphates as multifunctional van der waals layered materials. Adv. Mater. 29, 1602852 (2017). (10.1002/adma.201602852) / Adv. Mater. by MA Susner (2017)
  34. Burch, K. S., Mandrus, D. & Park, J.-G. Magnetism in two-dimensional van der Waals materials. Nature 563, 47–52 (2018). (10.1038/s41586-018-0631-z) / Nature by KS Burch (2018)
  35. Gong, C. & Zhang, X. Two-dimensional magnetic crystals and emergent heterostructure devices. Science 363, eaav4450 (2019). (10.1126/science.aav4450) / Science by C Gong (2019)
  36. Gibertini, M., Koperski, M., Morpurgo, A. F. & Novoselov, K. S. Magnetic 2D materials and heterostructures. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 408–419 (2019). (10.1038/s41565-019-0438-6) / Nat. Nanotechnol. by M Gibertini (2019)
  37. McGuire, M. A., Dixit, H., Cooper, V. R. & Sales, B. C. Coupling of crystal structure and magnetism in the layered, ferromagnetic insulator CrI3. Chem. Mater. 27, 612–620 (2015). (10.1021/cm504242t) / Chem. Mater. by MA McGuire (2015)
  38. Khomskii, D. I. in Transition Metal Compounds Ch. 2 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2014). (10.1017/CBO9781139096782)
  39. Stamokostas, G. L. & Fiete, G. A. Mixing of t 2g–e g orbitals in 4d and 5d transition metal oxides. Phys. Rev. B 97, 085150 (2018). (10.1103/PhysRevB.97.085150) / Phys. Rev. B by GL Stamokostas (2018)
  40. Feldkemper, S. & Weber, W. Generalized calculation of magnetic coupling constants for Mott–Hubbard insulators: application to ferromagnetic Cr compounds. Phys. Rev. B 57, 7755–7766 (1998). (10.1103/PhysRevB.57.7755) / Phys. Rev. B by S Feldkemper (1998)
  41. Lado, J. L. & Fernández-Rossier, J. On the origin of magnetic anisotropy in two dimensional CrI3. 2D Mater. 4, 035002 (2017). (10.1088/2053-1583/aa75ed) / 2D Mater. by JL Lado (2017)
  42. Chang, C.-Z. et al. Experimental observation of the quantum anomalous Hall effect in a magnetic topological insulator. Science 340, 167–170 (2013). (10.1126/science.1234414) / Science by C-Z Chang (2013)
  43. Siberchicot, B., Jobic, S., Carteaux, V., Gressier, P. & Ouvrard, G. Band structure calculations of ferromagnetic chromium tellurides CrSiTe3 and CrGeTe3. J. Phys. Chem. 100, 5863–5867 (1996). (10.1021/jp952188s) / J. Phys. Chem. by B Siberchicot (1996)
  44. Deng, Y. et al. Gate-tunable room-temperature ferromagnetism in two-dimensional Fe3GeTe2. Nature 563, 94–99 (2018). (10.1038/s41586-018-0626-9) / Nature by Y Deng (2018)
  45. Fei, Z. et al. Two-dimensional itinerant ferromagnetism in atomically thin Fe3GeTe2. Nat. Mater. 17, 778–782 (2018). (10.1038/s41563-018-0149-7) / Nat. Mater. by Z Fei (2018)
  46. Morosan, E. et al. Sharp switching of the magnetization in Fe1∕4TaS2. Phys. Rev. B 75, 104401 (2007). (10.1103/PhysRevB.75.104401) / Phys. Rev. B by E Morosan (2007)
  47. Baltz, V. et al. Antiferromagnetic spintronics. Rev. Mod. Phys. 90, 015005 (2018). (10.1103/RevModPhys.90.015005) / Rev. Mod. Phys. by V Baltz (2018)
  48. Ressouche, E. et al. Magnetoelectric MnPS3 as a candidate for ferrotoroidicity. Phys. Rev. B 82, 100408 (2010). (10.1103/PhysRevB.82.100408) / Phys. Rev. B by E Ressouche (2010)
  49. Kuhlow, B. Magnetic ordering in CrCl3 at the phase transition. Phys. Status Solidi A 72, 161–168 (1982). (10.1002/pssa.2210720116) / Phys. Status Solidi A by B Kuhlow (1982)
  50. Jacobs, I. S. & Lawrence, P. E. Metamagnetic phase transitions and hysteresis in FeCl2. Phys. Rev. 164, 866–878 (1967). (10.1103/PhysRev.164.866) / Phys. Rev. by IS Jacobs (1967)
  51. Wilkinson, M. K., Cable, J. W., Wollan, E. O. & Koehler, W. C. Neutron diffraction investigations of the magnetic ordering in FeBr2, CoBr2, FeCl2, and CoCl2. Phys. Rev. 113, 497–507 (1959). (10.1103/PhysRev.113.497) / Phys. Rev. by MK Wilkinson (1959)
  52. Deng, Y. et al. Magnetic-field-induced quantized anomalous Hall effect in intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.11468 (2019).
  53. Tsubokawa, I. On the magnetic properties of a CrBr3 single crystal. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 15, 1664–1668 (1960). (10.1143/JPSJ.15.1664) / J. Phys. Soc. Jpn by I Tsubokawa (1960)
  54. Rule, K. C., McIntyre, G. J., Kennedy, S. J. & Hicks, T. J. Single-crystal and powder neutron diffraction experiments on FePS3: search for the magnetic structure. Phys. Rev. B 76, 134402 (2007). (10.1103/PhysRevB.76.134402) / Phys. Rev. B by KC Rule (2007)
  55. Wildes, A. R. et al. Magnetic structure of the quasi-two-dimensional antiferromagnet NiPS3. Phys. Rev. B 92, 224408 (2015). (10.1103/PhysRevB.92.224408) / Phys. Rev. B by AR Wildes (2015)
  56. Tokunaga, Y. et al. Multiferroicity in NiBr2 with long-wavelength cycloidal spin structure on a triangular lattice. Phys. Rev. B 84, 060406 (2011). (10.1103/PhysRevB.84.060406) / Phys. Rev. B by Y Tokunaga (2011)
  57. Kurumaji, T. et al. Magnetoelectric responses induced by domain rearrangement and spin structural change in triangular-lattice helimagnets NiI2 and CoI2. Phys. Rev. B 87, 014429 (2013). (10.1103/PhysRevB.87.014429) / Phys. Rev. B by T Kurumaji (2013)
  58. Kurumaji, T. et al. Magnetic-field induced competition of two multiferroic orders in a triangular-lattice helimagnet MnI2. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 167206 (2011). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.167206) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by T Kurumaji (2011)
  59. Manfred, F. Revival of the magnetoelectric effect. J. Phys. D 38, R123 (2005). (10.1088/0022-3727/38/8/R01) / J. Phys. D by F Manfred (2005)
  60. Rivera, J.-P. A short review of the magnetoelectric effect and related experimental techniques on single phase (multi-) ferroics. Eur. Phys. J. B 71, 299–313 (2009). (10.1140/epjb/e2009-00336-7) / Eur. Phys. J. B by J-P Rivera (2009)
  61. Matsukura, F., Tokura, Y. & Ohno, H. Control of magnetism by electric fields. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 209–220 (2015). (10.1038/nnano.2015.22) / Nat. Nanotechnol. by F Matsukura (2015)
  62. Essin, A. M., Moore, J. E. & Vanderbilt, D. Magnetoelectric polarizability and axion electrodynamics in crystalline insulators. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 146805 (2009). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.146805) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by AM Essin (2009)
  63. Hirakawa, K., Kadowaki, H. & Ubukoshi, K. Study of frustration effects in two-dimensional triangular lattice antiferromagnets–neutron powder diffraction study of VX2, X≡Cl, Br and I. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 52, 1814–1824 (1983). (10.1143/JPSJ.52.1814) / J. Phys. Soc. Jpn by K Hirakawa (1983)
  64. Johnson, R. D. et al. Monoclinic crystal structure of α–RuCl3 and the zigzag antiferromagnetic ground state. Phys. Rev. B 92, 235119 (2015). (10.1103/PhysRevB.92.235119) / Phys. Rev. B by RD Johnson (2015)
  65. Kim, H.-S., V, V. S., Catuneanu, A. & Kee, H.-Y. Kitaev magnetism in honeycomb RuCl3 with intermediate spin-orbit coupling. Phys. Rev. B 91, 241110 (2015). (10.1103/PhysRevB.91.241110) / Phys. Rev. B by H-S Kim (2015)
  66. Plumb, K. W. et al. α–RuCl3: a spin-orbit assisted Mott insulator on a honeycomb lattice. Phys. Rev. B 90, 041112 (2014). (10.1103/PhysRevB.90.041112) / Phys. Rev. B by KW Plumb (2014)
  67. Banerjee, A. et al. Proximate Kitaev quantum spin liquid behaviour in a honeycomb magnet. Nat. Mater. 15, 733–740 (2016). (10.1038/nmat4604) / Nat. Mater. by A Banerjee (2016)
  68. Kasahara, Y. et al. Majorana quantization and half-integer thermal quantum Hall effect in a Kitaev spin liquid. Nature 559, 227–231 (2018). (10.1038/s41586-018-0274-0) / Nature by Y Kasahara (2018)
  69. Sivadas, N., Okamoto, S. & Xiao, D. Gate-controllable magneto-optic Kerr effect in layered collinear antiferromagnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 267203 (2016). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.267203) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by N Sivadas (2016)
  70. Jiang, P. et al. Stacking tunable interlayer magnetism in bilayer CrI3. Phys. Rev. B 99, 144401 (2019). (10.1103/PhysRevB.99.144401) / Phys. Rev. B by P Jiang (2019)
  71. Cheng, R., Okamoto, S. & Xiao, D. Spin Nernst effect of magnons in collinear antiferromagnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 217202 (2016). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.217202) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by R Cheng (2016)
  72. Klein, D. R. et al. Probing magnetism in 2D van der Waals crystalline insulators via electron tunneling. Science 360, 1218–1222 (2018). The first demonstration of spin filtering and giant tunnel magnetoresistance using 2D CrI 3 as a tunnel barrier. (10.1126/science.aar3617) / Science by DR Klein (2018)
  73. Zhang, X. et al. Magnetic anisotropy of the single-crystalline ferromagnetic insulator Cr2Ge2Te6. Jpn J. Appl. Phys. 55, 033001 (2016). (10.7567/JJAP.55.033001) / Jpn J. Appl. Phys. by X Zhang (2016)
  74. MacNeill, D. et al. Gigahertz frequency antiferromagnetic resonance and strong magnon–magnon coupling in the layered crystal CrCl3. Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 047204 (2019). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.047204) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by D MacNeill (2019)
  75. Ghazaryan, D. et al. Magnon-assisted tunnelling in van der Waals heterostructures based on CrBr3. Nat. Electron. 1, 344–349 (2018). (10.1038/s41928-018-0087-z) / Nat. Electron. by D Ghazaryan (2018)
  76. Xing, W. et al. Magnon transport in quasi-two-dimensional van der waals antiferromagnets. Phys. Rev. X 9, 011026 (2019). / Phys. Rev. X by W Xing (2019)
  77. Pershoguba, S. S. et al. Dirac magnons in honeycomb ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. X 8, 011010 (2018). / Phys. Rev. X by SS Pershoguba (2018)
  78. Chen, L. et al. Topological spin excitations in honeycomb ferromagnet CrI3. Phys. Rev. X 8, 041028 (2018). / Phys. Rev. X by L Chen (2018)
  79. Lee, J.-U. et al. Ising-type magnetic ordering in atomically thin FePS3. Nano Lett. 16, 7433–7438 (2016). (10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03052) / Nano Lett. by J-U Lee (2016)
  80. Du, K.-z et al. Weak van der waals stacking, wide-range band gap, and raman study on ultrathin layers of metal phosphorus trichalcogenides. ACS Nano 10, 1738–1743 (2016). (10.1021/acsnano.5b05927) / ACS Nano by K-z Du (2016)
  81. Zhou, B. et al. Possible structural transformation and enhanced magnetic fluctuations in exfoliated α-RuCl3. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 128, 291–295 (2018). (10.1016/j.jpcs.2018.01.026) / J. Phys. Chem. Solids by B Zhou (2018)
  82. Lin, M.-W. et al. Ultrathin nanosheets of CrSiTe3: a semiconducting two-dimensional ferromagnetic material. J. Mater. Chem. C 4, 315–322 (2016). (10.1039/C5TC03463A) / J. Mater. Chem. C by M-W Lin (2016)
  83. Tian, Y., Gray, M. J., Ji, H., Cava, R. J. & Burch, K. S. Magneto-elastic coupling in a potential ferromagnetic 2D atomic crystal. 2D Mater. 3, 025035 (2016). (10.1088/2053-1583/3/2/025035) / 2D Mater. by Y Tian (2016)
  84. Jin, W. et al. Raman fingerprint of two terahertz spin wave branches in a two-dimensional honeycomb Ising ferromagnet. Nat. Commun. 9, 5122 (2018). (10.1038/s41467-018-07547-6) / Nat. Commun. by W Jin (2018)
  85. Soriano, D., Cardoso, C. & Fernández-Rossier, J. Interplay between interlayer exchange and stacking in CrI3 bilayers. Solid State Commun. 299, 113662 (2019). (10.1016/j.ssc.2019.113662) / Solid State Commun. by D Soriano (2019)
  86. Wang, Z. et al. Very large tunneling magnetoresistance in layered magnetic semiconductor CrI3. Nat. Commun. 9, 2516 (2018). The first demonstration of spin filtering and giant tunnel magnetoresistance using 2D CrI 3 as a tunnel barrier. / Nat. Commun. by Z Wang (2018)
  87. Klein, D. R. et al. Giant enhancement of interlayer exchange in an ultrathin 2D magnet. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.00002 (2019).
  88. Sun, Z. et al. Giant and nonreciprocal second harmonic generation from layered antiferromagnetism in bilayer CrI3. Nature 572, 497–501 (2019). (10.1038/s41586-019-1445-3) / Nature by Z Sun (2019)
  89. Li, T. et al. Pressure-controlled interlayer magnetism in atomically thin CrI3. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10905 (2019). (10.1038/s41563-019-0506-1)
  90. Song, T. et al. Switching 2D magnetic states via pressure tuning of layer stacking. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10860 (2019). (10.1038/s41563-019-0505-2)
  91. Mermin, N. D. & Wagner, H. Absence of ferromagnetism or antiferromagnetism in one- or two-dimensional isotropic Heisenberg models. Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 1133–1136 (1966). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.17.1133) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by ND Mermin (1966)
  92. Bonilla, M. et al. Strong room-temperature ferromagnetism in VSe2 monolayers on van der Waals substrates. Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 289–293 (2018). (10.1038/s41565-018-0063-9) / Nat. Nanotechnol. by M Bonilla (2018)
  93. Ma, Y. et al. Evidence of the existence of magnetism in pristine VX2 monolayers (X = S, Se) and their strain-induced tunable magnetic properties. ACS Nano 6, 1695–1701 (2012). (10.1021/nn204667z) / ACS Nano by Y Ma (2012)
  94. Fuh, H.-R., Yan, B., Wu, S.-C., Felser, C. & Chang, C.-R. Metal-insulator transition and the anomalous Hall effect in the layered magnetic materials VS2 and VSe2. New J. Phys. 18, 113038 (2016). (10.1088/1367-2630/18/11/113038) / New J. Phys. by H-R Fuh (2016)
  95. O’Hara, D. J. et al. Room temperature intrinsic ferromagnetism in epitaxial manganese selenide films in the monolayer limit. Nano Lett. 18, 3125–3131 (2018). (10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00683) / Nano Lett. by DJ O’Hara (2018)
  96. Weiglhofer, W. S. & Lakhtakia, A. (eds) Introduction to Complex Mediums for Optics and Electromagnetics 175 (SPIE, 2003). (10.1117/3.504610)
  97. Schubert, M., Kühne, P., Darakchieva, V. & Hofmann, T. Optical Hall effect — model description: tutorial. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 33, 1553–1568 (2016). (10.1364/JOSAA.33.001553) / J. Opt. Soc. Am. A by M Schubert (2016)
  98. Argyres, P. N. Theory of the Faraday and Kerr effects in ferromagnetics. Phys. Rev. 97, 334–345 (1955). (10.1103/PhysRev.97.334) / Phys. Rev. by PN Argyres (1955)
  99. Thiel, L. et al. Probing magnetism in 2D materials at the nanoscale with single-spin microscopy. Science 364, 973–976 (2019). (10.1126/science.aav6926) / Science by L Thiel (2019)
  100. Kapitulnik, A., Xia, J., Schemm, E. & Palevski, A. Polar Kerr effect as probe for time-reversal symmetry breaking in unconventional superconductors. New J. Phys. 11, 055060 (2009). (10.1088/1367-2630/11/5/055060) / New J. Phys. by A Kapitulnik (2009)
  101. Sato, K. Measurement of magneto-optical Kerr effect using piezo-birefringent modulator. Jpn J. Appl. Phys. 20, 2403–2409 (1981). (10.1143/JJAP.20.2403) / Jpn J. Appl. Phys. by K Sato (1981)
  102. Lee, J.-W., Kim, J., Kim, S.-K., Jeong, J.-R. & Shin, S.-C. Full vectorial spin-reorientation transition and magnetization reversal study in ultrathin ferromagnetic films using magneto-optical Kerr effects. Phys. Rev. B 65, 144437 (2002). (10.1103/PhysRevB.65.144437) / Phys. Rev. B by J-W Lee (2002)
  103. Jiang, S., Li, L., Wang, Z., Mak, K. F. & Shan, J. Controlling magnetism in 2D CrI3 by electrostatic doping. Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 549–553 (2018). Demonstration of efficient tuning of magnetic states in bilayer CrI 3 by electrostatic doping. (10.1038/s41565-018-0135-x) / Nat. Nanotechnol. by S Jiang (2018)
  104. Jiang, S., Shan, J. & Mak, K. F. Electric-field switching of two-dimensional van der Waals magnets. Nat. Mater. 17, 406–410 (2018). The first demonstration of magnetoelectricity in antiferromagnetic bilayer CrI 3. (10.1038/s41563-018-0040-6) / Nat. Mater. by S Jiang (2018)
  105. Huang, B. et al. Electrical control of 2D magnetism in bilayer CrI3. Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 544–548 (2018). Demonstration of tuning of magnetic states in bilayer CrI 3 by electric field effects. (10.1038/s41565-018-0121-3) / Nat. Nanotechnol. by B Huang (2018)
  106. Lee, J., Mak, K. F. & Shan, J. Electrical control of the valley Hall effect in bilayer MoS2 transistors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 421–425 (2016). (10.1038/nnano.2015.337) / Nat. Nanotechnol. by J Lee (2016)
  107. Lee, J., Wang, Z., Xie, H., Mak, K. F. & Shan, J. Valley magnetoelectricity in single-layer MoS2. Nat. Mater. 16, 887–891 (2017). (10.1038/nmat4931) / Nat. Mater. by J Lee (2017)
  108. O’Dell, T. H. The electrodynamics of magneto-electric media. Phil. Mag. 7, 1653–1669 (1962). (10.1080/14786436208213701) / Phil. Mag. by TH O'Dell (1962)
  109. Chen, H., Niu, Q. & MacDonald, A. H. Anomalous Hall effect arising from noncollinear antiferromagnetism. Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 017205 (2014). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.017205) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by H Chen (2014)
  110. Rado, G. T. Magnetoelectric evidence for the attainability of time-reversed antiferromagnetic configurations by metamagnetic transitions in DyPO4. Phys. Rev. Lett. 23, 644–647 (1969). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.644) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by GT Rado (1969)
  111. Seyler, K. L. et al. Ligand-field helical luminescence in a 2D ferromagnetic insulator. Nat. Phys. 14, 277–281 (2018). (10.1038/s41567-017-0006-7) / Nat. Phys. by KL Seyler (2018)
  112. Ferre, J. & Gehring, G. A. Linear optical birefringence of magnetic crystals. Rep. Prog. Phys. 47, 513–611 (1984). (10.1088/0034-4885/47/5/002) / Rep. Prog. Phys. by J Ferre (1984)
  113. Nagaosa, N., Sinova, J., Onoda, S., MacDonald, A. H. & Ong, N. P. Anomalous Hall effect. Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1539–1592 (2010). (10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1539) / Rev. Mod. Phys. by N Nagaosa (2010)
  114. Coey, J. M. D. in Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Ch. 10 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009).
  115. Wang, Z. et al. Tunneling spin valves based on Fe3GeTe2/hBN/Fe3GeTe2 van der Waals heterostructures. Nano Lett. 18, 4303–4308 (2018). (10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01278) / Nano Lett. by Z Wang (2018)
  116. Arai, M. et al. Construction of van der Waals magnetic tunnel junction using ferromagnetic layered dichalcogenide. Appl. Phys. Lett. 107, 103107 (2015). (10.1063/1.4930311) / Appl. Phys. Lett. by M Arai (2015)
  117. Yamasaki, Y. et al. Exfoliation and van der Waals heterostructure assembly of intercalated ferromagnet Cr1/3TaS2. 2D Mater. 4, 041007 (2017). (10.1088/2053-1583/aa8a2b) / 2D Mater. by Y Yamasaki (2017)
  118. Lohmann, M. et al. Probing magnetism in insulating Cr2Ge2Te6 by induced anomalous Hall effect in Pt. Nano Lett. 19, 2397–2403 (2019). (10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b05121) / Nano Lett. by M Lohmann (2019)
  119. Gupta, V. et al. Current-induced torques in heterostructures of 2D van der Waals magnets. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. Abstr. P15.009 (2019).
  120. Moodera, J. S., Santos, T. S. & Nagahama, T. The phenomena of spin-filter tunnelling. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 19, 165202 (2007). (10.1088/0953-8984/19/16/165202) / J. Phys. Condens. Matter by JS Moodera (2007)
  121. Song, T. et al. Giant tunneling magnetoresistance in spin-filter van der Waals heterostructures. Science 360, 1214–1218 (2018). The first demonstration of spin filtering and giant tunnel magnetoresistance using 2D CrI 3 as a tunnel barrier. (10.1126/science.aar4851) / Science by T Song (2018)
  122. Kim, H. H. et al. One million percent tunnel magnetoresistance in a magnetic van der Waals heterostructure. Nano Lett. 18, 4885–4890 (2018). (10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01552) / Nano Lett. by HH Kim (2018)
  123. Kim, H. H. et al. Evolution of interlayer and intralayer magnetism in three atomically thin chromium trihalides. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 11131–11136 (2019). (10.1073/pnas.1902100116) / Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA by HH Kim (2019)
  124. Gould, C. et al. Tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance: a spin-valve-like tunnel magnetoresistance using a single magnetic layer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 117203 (2004). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.117203) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by C Gould (2004)
  125. Cracknell, A. P. Magnetism in Crystalline Materials: Applications of the Theory of Groups of Cambiant Symmetry (ed. ten Haar, D.) Ch. 5 (Pergamon Press, 1975).
  126. Coh, S., Vanderbilt, D., Malashevich, A. & Souza, I. Chern-Simons orbital magnetoelectric coupling in generic insulators. Phys. Rev. B 83, 085108 (2011). (10.1103/PhysRevB.83.085108) / Phys. Rev. B by S Coh (2011)
  127. Wang, Z. et al. Electric-field control of magnetism in a few-layered van der Waals ferromagnetic semiconductor. Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 554–559 (2018). (10.1038/s41565-018-0186-z) / Nat. Nanotechnol. by Z Wang (2018)
  128. Jiang, S., Li, L., Wang, Z., Shan, J. & Mak, K. F. Spin tunnel field-effect transistors based on two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures. Nat. Electron. 2, 159–163 (2019). (10.1038/s41928-019-0232-3) / Nat. Electron. by S Jiang (2019)
  129. Cardoso, C., Soriano, D., García-Martínez, N. A. & Fernández-Rossier, J. Van der Waals spin valves. Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 067701 (2018). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.067701) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by C Cardoso (2018)
  130. Ikeda, S. et al. Tunnel magnetoresistance of 604% at 300 K by suppression of Ta diffusion in CoFeB∕MgO∕CoFeB pseudo-spin-valves annealed at high temperature. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 082508 (2008). (10.1063/1.2976435) / Appl. Phys. Lett. by S Ikeda (2008)
  131. Lee, I. et al. Fundamental spin interactions underlying the magnetic anisotropy in the Kitaev ferromagnet CrI3. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.00077 (2019).
  132. Tate, M. W. et al. High dynamic range pixel array detector for scanning transmission electron microscopy. Microsc. Microanal. 22, 237–249 (2016). (10.1017/S1431927615015664) / Microsc. Microanal. by MW Tate (2016)
  133. Saito, Y., Nojima, T. & Iwasa, Y. Highly crystalline 2D superconductors. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2, 16094 (2016). (10.1038/natrevmats.2016.94) / Nat. Rev. Mater. by Y Saito (2016)
  134. Zhou, B. T., Yuan, N. F. Q., Jiang, H.-L. & Law, K. T. Ising superconductivity and Majorana fermions in transition-metal dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B 93, 180501 (2016). (10.1103/PhysRevB.93.180501) / Phys. Rev. B by BT Zhou (2016)
  135. Armitage, N. P., Mele, E. J. & Vishwanath, A. Weyl and Dirac semimetals in three-dimensional solids. Rev. Mod. Phys. 90, 015001 (2018). (10.1103/RevModPhys.90.015001) / Rev. Mod. Phys. by NP Armitage (2018)
Dates
Type When
Created 5 years, 10 months ago (Sept. 27, 2019, 10:05 a.m.)
Deposited 2 years, 8 months ago (Dec. 17, 2022, 2:41 p.m.)
Indexed 4 minutes ago (Aug. 21, 2025, 4:53 a.m.)
Issued 5 years, 10 months ago (Sept. 27, 2019)
Published 5 years, 10 months ago (Sept. 27, 2019)
Published Online 5 years, 10 months ago (Sept. 27, 2019)
Funders 0

None

@article{Mak_2019, title={Probing and controlling magnetic states in 2D layered magnetic materials}, volume={1}, ISSN={2522-5820}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42254-019-0110-y}, DOI={10.1038/s42254-019-0110-y}, number={11}, journal={Nature Reviews Physics}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Mak, Kin Fai and Shan, Jie and Ralph, Daniel C.}, year={2019}, month=sep, pages={646–661} }