Abstract
AbstractMagnetic layered van der Waals crystals are an emerging class of materials giving access to new physical phenomena, as illustrated by the recent observation of 2D ferromagnetism in Cr2Ge2Te6 and CrI3. Of particular interest in semiconductors is the interplay between magnetism and transport, which has remained unexplored. Here we report magneto-transport measurements on exfoliated CrI3 crystals. We find that tunneling conduction in the direction perpendicular to the crystalline planes exhibits a magnetoresistance as large as 10,000%. The evolution of the magnetoresistance with magnetic field and temperature reveals that the phenomenon originates from multiple transitions to different magnetic states, whose possible microscopic nature is discussed on the basis of all existing experimental observations. This observed dependence of the conductance of a tunnel barrier on its magnetic state is a phenomenon that demonstrates the presence of a strong coupling between transport and magnetism in magnetic van der Waals semiconductors.
Authors
10
- Zhe Wang (first)
- Ignacio Gutiérrez-Lezama (additional)
- Nicolas Ubrig (additional)
- Martin Kroner (additional)
- Marco Gibertini (additional)
- Takashi Taniguchi (additional)
- Kenji Watanabe (additional)
- Ataç Imamoğlu (additional)
- Enrico Giannini (additional)
- Alberto F. Morpurgo (additional)
References
39
Referenced
563
-
Castro Neto, A. H., Guinea, F., Peres, N. M. R., Novoselov, K. S. & Geim, A. K. The electronic properties of graphene. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 109–162 (2009).
(
10.1103/RevModPhys.81.109
) / Rev. Mod. Phys. by AH Castro Neto (2009) -
Wang, Q. H., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Kis, A., Coleman, J. N. & Strano, M. S. Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Nanotech. 7, 699–712 (2012).
(
10.1038/nnano.2012.193
) / Nat. Nanotech by QH Wang (2012) -
Xu, X., Yao, W., Xiao, D. & Heinz, T. F. Spin and pseudospins in layered transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Phys. 10, 343–350 (2014).
(
10.1038/nphys2942
) / Nat. Phys. by X Xu (2014) -
Novoselov, K. S., & Mishchenko, A. & Carvalho, A. & Castro Neto, A. H. 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures. Science 353, aac9439 (2016).
(
10.1126/science.aac9439
) / Science by KS Novoselov (2016) -
Dillon, J. F. & Olson, C. E. Magnetization resonance and optical properties of ferromagnet CrI3. J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1259–1260 (1965).
(
10.1063/1.1714194
) / J. Appl. Phys. by JF Dillon (1965) -
Dillon, J. F., Kamimura, H. & Remeika, J. P. Magneto-optical properties of ferromagnetic chromium trihalides. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 27, 1531–1549 (1966).
(
10.1016/0022-3697(66)90148-X
) / J. Phys. Chem. Solids by JF Dillon (1966) -
Carteaux, V., Moussa, F. & Spiesser, M. 2D ising-like ferromagnetic behavior for the lamellar Cr2Si2Te6 compound: a neutron-scattering investigation. Europhys. Lett. 29, 251–256 (1995).
(
10.1209/0295-5075/29/3/011
) / Europhys. Lett. by V Carteaux (1995) -
Li, X., Cao, T., Niu, Q., Shi, J. R. & Feng, J. Coupling the valley degree of freedom to antiferromagnetic order. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 3738–3742 (2013).
(
10.1073/pnas.1219420110
) / Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA by X Li (2013) -
Sachs, B., Wehling, T. O., Novoselov, K. S., Lichtenstein, A. I. & Katsnelson, M. I. Ferromagnetic two-dimensional crystals: single layers of K2CuF4. Phys. Rev. B 88, 201402 (2013).
(
10.1103/PhysRevB.88.201402
) / Phys. Rev. B by B Sachs (2013) -
McGuire, M. A., Dixit, H., Cooper, V. R. & Sales, B. C. Coupling of crystal structure and magnetism in the layered, ferromagnetic insulator CrI3. Chem. Mater. 27, 612–620 (2015).
(
10.1021/cm504242t
) / Chem. Mater. by MA McGuire (2015) -
Sivadas, N., Daniels, M. W., Swendsen, R. H., Okamoto, S. & Xiao, D. Magnetic ground state of semiconducting transition-metal trichalcogenide monolayers. Phys. Rev. B 91, 235425 (2015).
(
10.1103/PhysRevB.91.235425
) / Phys. Rev. B by N Sivadas (2015) -
Du, K.-Z. et al. Weak van der Waals stacking, wide-range band gap, and raman study on ultrathin layers of metal phosphorus trichalcogenides. ACS Nano 10, 1738–1743 (2016).
(
10.1021/acsnano.5b05927
) / ACS Nano by KZ Du (2016) -
May, A. F., Calder, S., Cantoni, C., Cao, H. B. & McGuire, M. A. Magnetic structure and phase stability of the van der Waals bonded ferromagnet Fe3-xGeTe2. Phys. Rev. B 93, 014411 (2016).
(
10.1103/PhysRevB.93.014411
) / Phys. Rev. B by AF May (2016) -
Lee, S., Choi, K. Y., Lee, S., Park, B. H. & Park, J. G. Tunneling transport of mono- and few-layers magnetic van der Waals MnPS3. Apl. Mater. 4, 086108 (2016).
(
10.1063/1.4961211
) / Apl. Mater. by S Lee (2016) -
Lin, M. W. et al. Ultrathin nanosheets of CrSiTe3: a semiconducting two-dimensional ferromagnetic material. J. Mater. Chem. C 4, 315–322 (2016).
(
10.1039/C5TC03463A
) / J. Mater. Chem. C by MW Lin (2016) -
Gong, C. et al. Discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetism in two-dimensional van der Waals crystals. Nature 546, 265–269 (2017).
(
10.1038/nature22060
) / Nature by C Gong (2017) -
Huang, B. et al. Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit. Nature 546, 270–273 (2017).
(
10.1038/nature22391
) / Nature by B Huang (2017) -
Zhong, D. et al. Van der Waals engineering of ferromagnetic semiconductor heterostructures for spin and valleytronics. Sci. Adv. 3, e1603113 (2017).
(
10.1126/sciadv.1603113
) / Sci. Adv. by D Zhong (2017) -
Xing, W. et al. Electric field effect in multilayer Cr2Ge2Te6: a ferromagnetic 2D material. 2D Mater. 4, 024009 (2017).
(
10.1088/2053-1583/aa7034
) / 2D Mater. by W Xing (2017) -
Furdyna, J. K. Diluted magnetic semiconductors. J. Appl. Phys. 64, R29–R64 (1988).
(
10.1063/1.341700
) / J. Appl. Phys. by JK Furdyna (1988) -
MacDonald, A. H., Schiffer, P. & Samarth, N. Ferromagnetic semiconductors: moving beyond (Ga,Mn)As. Nat. Mater. 4, 195 (2005).
(
10.1038/nmat1325
) / Nat. Mater. by AH MacDonald (2005) -
Dietl, T. & Ohno, H. Dilute ferromagnetic semiconductors: physics and spintronic structures. Rev. Mod. Phys. 86, 187–251 (2014).
(
10.1103/RevModPhys.86.187
) / Rev. Mod. Phys. by T Dietl (2014) -
Wang, H., Eyert, V. & Schwingenschlögl, U. Electronic structure and magnetic ordering of the semiconducting chromium trihalides CrCl3, CrBr3, and CrI3. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 23, 116003 (2011).
(
10.1088/0953-8984/23/11/116003
) / J. Phys. Condens. Matter by H Wang (2011) -
Liu, J. Y., Sun, Q., Kawazoe, Y. & Jena, P. Exfoliating biocompatible ferromagnetic Cr-trihalide monolayers. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 8777–8784 (2016).
(
10.1039/C5CP04835D
) / Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. by JY Liu (2016) -
Zhang, W. B., Qu, Q., Zhua, P. & Lam, C. H. Robust intrinsic ferromagnetism and half semiconductivity in stable two-dimensional single-layer chromium trihalides. J. Mater. Chem. C 3, 12457–12468 (2015).
(
10.1039/C5TC02840J
) / J. Mater. Chem. C by WB Zhang (2015) -
Li, X. X. & Yang, J. L. CrXTe3 (X = Si, Ge) nanosheets: two dimensional intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconductors. J. Mater. Chem. C 2, 7071–7076 (2014).
(
10.1039/C4TC01193G
) / J. Mater. Chem. C by XX Li (2014) -
Yu, W. J. et al. Highly efficient gate-tunable photocurrent generation in vertical heterostructures of layered materials. Nat. Nanotech. 8, 952 (2013).
(
10.1038/nnano.2013.219
) / Nat. Nanotech by WJ Yu (2013) -
Britnell, L. et al. Strong light-matter interactions in heterostructures of atomically thin films. Science 340, 1311–1314 (2013).
(
10.1126/science.1235547
) / Science by L Britnell (2013) -
Fowler, R. H. & Nordheim, L. Electron emission in intense electric fields. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 119, 173–181 (1928).
(
10.1098/rspa.1928.0091
) / Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A by RH Fowler (1928) -
Lenzlinger, M. & Snow, E. H. Fowler-nordheim tunneling into thermally grown SiO2. J. Appl. Phys. 40, 278–283 (1969).
(
10.1063/1.1657043
) / J. Appl. Phys. by M Lenzlinger (1969) -
Sze S. M. & Ng, K. K. Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 3rd edn (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey, 2007).
(
10.1002/0470068329
) -
Palik, E. D. & Furdyna, J. K. Infrared and microwave magnetoplasma effects in semiconductors. Rep. Prog. Phys. 33, 1193–1322 (1970).
(
10.1088/0034-4885/33/3/307
) / Rep. Prog. Phys. by ED Palik (1970) -
Song, T., et al. Giant tunneling magnetoresistance in spin-filter van der Waals heterostructures. Science 360, 1214–1218 (2018).
(
10.1126/science.aar4851
) -
Klein, D. R., et al. Probing magnetism in 2D van der Waals crystalline insulators via electron tunneling. Science, 360, 1214–1218 (2018).
(
10.1126/science.aar3617
) -
Feng, W., Guo, G.-Y., Zhou, J., Yao, Y. & Niu, Q. Large magneto-optical Kerr effect in noncollinear antiferromagnets Mn3X (X = Rh, Ir, Pt). Phys. Rev. B 92, 144426 (2015).
(
10.1103/PhysRevB.92.144426
) / Phys. Rev. B by W Feng (2015) -
Sivadas, N., Okamoto, S. & Xiao, D. Gate-controllable magneto-optic Kerr effect in layered collinear antiferromagnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 267203 (2016).
(
10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.267203
) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by N Sivadas (2016) -
Worledge, D. & Geballe, T. Magnetoresistive double spin filter tunnel junction. J. Appl. Phys. 88, 5277–5279 (2000).
(
10.1063/1.1315619
) / J. Appl. Phys. by D Worledge (2000) -
Miao, G.-X., Müller, M. & Moodera, J. S. Magnetoresistance in double spin filter tunnel junctions with nonmagnetic electrodes and its unconventional bias dependence. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 076601 (2009).
(
10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.076601
) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by GX Miao (2009) - Kim, H. H., et al. One million percent tunnel magnetoresistance in a magnetic van der Waals heterostructure. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.00028 (2018).
Dates
Type | When |
---|---|
Created | 7 years, 2 months ago (June 22, 2018, 6:19 a.m.) |
Deposited | 2 years, 8 months ago (Dec. 20, 2022, 10:07 a.m.) |
Indexed | 4 days, 6 hours ago (Aug. 21, 2025, 12:33 p.m.) |
Issued | 7 years, 1 month ago (June 28, 2018) |
Published | 7 years, 1 month ago (June 28, 2018) |
Published Online | 7 years, 1 month ago (June 28, 2018) |
@article{Wang_2018, title={Very large tunneling magnetoresistance in layered magnetic semiconductor CrI3}, volume={9}, ISSN={2041-1723}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04953-8}, DOI={10.1038/s41467-018-04953-8}, number={1}, journal={Nature Communications}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Wang, Zhe and Gutiérrez-Lezama, Ignacio and Ubrig, Nicolas and Kroner, Martin and Gibertini, Marco and Taniguchi, Takashi and Watanabe, Kenji and Imamoğlu, Ataç and Giannini, Enrico and Morpurgo, Alberto F.}, year={2018}, month=jun }