DOI: 10.1038/nphys4309. Phase ordering of charge density waves traced by ultrafast low-energy electron diffraction

Phase ordering of charge density waves traced by ultrafast low-energy electron diffraction

10.1038/nphys4309

Crossref journal-article

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Nature Physics (297)

Bibliography

Vogelgesang, S., Storeck, G., Horstmann, J. G., Diekmann, T., Sivis, M., Schramm, S., Rossnagel, K., SchÃ¤fer, S., & Ropers, C. (2017). Phase ordering of charge density waves traced by ultrafast low-energy electron diffraction. Nature Physics, 14(2), 184â190.

Authors 9

S. Vogelgesang (first)
G. Storeck (additional)
J. G. Horstmann (additional)
T. Diekmann (additional)
M. Sivis (additional)
S. Schramm (additional)
K. Rossnagel (additional)
S. Schäfer (additional)
C. Ropers (additional)

References 64 Referenced 139

Lüth, H. Surfaces and Interfaces of Solid Materials (Springer Science & Business Media, 2013). / Surfaces and Interfaces of Solid Materials by H Lüth (2013)
Kosterlitz, J. M. & Thouless, D. J. Ordering, metastability and phase transitions in two-dimensional systems. J. Phys. C 6, 1181–1203 (1973). (10.1088/0022-3719/6/7/010) / J. Phys. C by JM Kosterlitz (1973)
Wolf, M. Femtosecond dynamics of electronic excitations at metal surfaces. Surf. Sci. 377, 343–349 (1997). (10.1016/S0039-6028(96)01412-4) / Surf. Sci. by M Wolf (1997)
Höfer, U. et al. Time-resolved coherent photoelectron spectroscopy of quantized electronic states on metal surfaces. Science 277, 1480–1482 (1997). (10.1126/science.277.5331.1480) / Science by U Höfer (1997)
Mahmood, F. et al. Selective scattering between Floquet–Bloch and Volkov states in a topological insulator. Nat. Phys. 12, 306–310 (2016). (10.1038/nphys3609) / Nat. Phys. by F Mahmood (2016)
Bovensiepen, U., Petek, H. & Wolf, M. Dynamics at Solid State Surfaces and Interfaces (John Wiley & Sons, 2010). (10.1002/9783527633418) / Dynamics at Solid State Surfaces and Interfaces by U Bovensiepen (2010)
Rohwer, T. et al. Collapse of long-range charge order tracked by time-resolved photoemission at high momenta. Nature 471, 490–493 (2011). (10.1038/nature09829) / Nature by T Rohwer (2011)
Eich, S. et al. Time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with optimized high-harmonic pulses using frequency-doubled Ti:Sapphire lasers. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 195, 231–236 (2014). (10.1016/j.elspec.2014.04.013) / J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. by S Eich (2014)
Sohrt, C., Stange, A., Bauer, M. & Rossnagel, K. How fast can a Peierls–Mott insulator be melted? Faraday Discuss. 171, 243–257 (2014). (10.1039/C4FD00042K) / Faraday Discuss. by C Sohrt (2014)
Petek, H. & Ogawa, S. Femtosecond time-resolved two-photon photoemission studies of electron dynamics in metals. Prog. Surf. Sci. 56, 239–310 (1997). (10.1016/S0079-6816(98)00002-1) / Prog. Surf. Sci. by H Petek (1997)
La- O-Vorakiat, C. et al. Ultrafast demagnetization measurements using extreme ultraviolet light: comparison of electronic and magnetic contributions. Phys. Rev. X 2, 011005 (2012). / Phys. Rev. X by C La- O-Vorakiat (2012)
Elsayed-Ali, H. E. & Herman, J. W. Picosecond time-resolved surface-lattice temperature probe. Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 1508–1510 (1990). (10.1063/1.103378) / Appl. Phys. Lett. by HE Elsayed-Ali (1990)
Aeschlimann, M. et al. A picosecond electron gun for surface analysis. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 1000–1009 (1995). (10.1063/1.1146036) / Rev. Sci. Instrum. by M Aeschlimann (1995)
Schäfer, S., Liang, W. & Zewail, A. H. Structural dynamics of surfaces by ultrafast electron crystallography: experimental and multiple scattering theory. J. Chem. Phys. 135, 214201 (2011). (10.1063/1.3663963) / J. Chem. Phys. by S Schäfer (2011)
Hanisch-Blicharski, A. et al. Ultra-fast electron diffraction at surfaces: from nanoscale heat transport to driven phase transitions. Ultramicroscopy 127, 2–8 (2013). (10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.07.017) / Ultramicroscopy by A Hanisch-Blicharski (2013)
Frigge, T. et al. Optically excited structural transition in atomic wires on surfaces at the quantum limit. Nature 544, 207–211 (2017). (10.1038/nature21432) / Nature by T Frigge (2017)
Becker, R. S., Higashi, G. S. & Golovchenko, J. A. Low-energy electron diffraction during pulsed laser annealing: a time-resolved surface structural study. Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 307–310 (1984). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.52.307) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by RS Becker (1984)
Karrer, R., Neff, H. J., Hengsberger, M., Greber, T. & Osterwalder, J. Design of a miniature picosecond low-energy electron gun for time-resolved scattering experiments. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72, 4404–4407 (2001). (10.1063/1.1419219) / Rev. Sci. Instrum. by R Karrer (2001)
Cirelli, C. et al. Direct observation of space charge dynamics by picosecond low-energy electron scattering. Europhys. Lett. 85, 17010 (2009). (10.1209/0295-5075/85/17010) / Europhys. Lett. by C Cirelli (2009)
Gulde, M. et al. Ultrafast low-energy electron diffraction in transmission resolves polymer/graphene superstructure dynamics. Science 345, 200–204 (2014). (10.1126/science.1250658) / Science by M Gulde (2014)
Müller, M., Paarmann, A. & Ernstorfer, R. Femtosecond electrons probing currents and atomic structure in nanomaterials. Nat. Commun. 5, 5292 (2014). (10.1038/ncomms6292) / Nat. Commun. by M Müller (2014)
Siwick, B. J., Dwyer, J. R., Jordan, R. E. & Miller, R. J. D. An atomic-level view of melting using femtosecond electron diffraction. Science 302, 1382–1385 (2003). (10.1126/science.1090052) / Science by BJ Siwick (2003)
Baum, P., Yang, D.-S. & Zewail, A. H. 4D visualization of transitional structures in phase transformations by electron diffraction. Science 318, 788–792 (2007). (10.1126/science.1147724) / Science by P Baum (2007)
Carbone, F., Kwon, O.-H. & Zewail, A. H. Dynamics of chemical bonding mapped by energy-resolved 4D electron microscopy. Science 325, 181–184 (2009). (10.1126/science.1175005) / Science by F Carbone (2009)
Ernstorfer, R. et al. The formation of warm dense matter: experimental evidence for electronic bond hardening in gold. Science 323, 1033–1037 (2009). (10.1126/science.1162697) / Science by R Ernstorfer (2009)
Eichberger, M. et al. Snapshots of cooperative atomic motions in the optical suppression of charge density waves. Nature 468, 799–802 (2010). (10.1038/nature09539) / Nature by M Eichberger (2010)
Mourik, M. W., van Engelen, W. J., Vredenbregt, E. J. D. & Luiten, O. J. Ultrafast electron diffraction using an ultracold source. Struct. Dyn. 1, 034302 (2014). (10.1063/1.4882074) / Struct. Dyn. by MW Mourik (2014)
Haupt, K. et al. Ultrafast metamorphosis of a complex charge-density wave. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 016402 (2016). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.016402) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by K Haupt (2016)
King, W. E. et al. Ultrafast electron microscopy in materials science, biology, and chemistry. J. Appl. Phys. 97, 111101 (2005). (10.1063/1.1927699) / J. Appl. Phys. by WE King (2005)
Zewail, A. H. Four-dimensional electron microscopy. Science 328, 187–193 (2010). (10.1126/science.1166135) / Science by AH Zewail (2010)
Piazza, L. et al. Design and implementation of a fs-resolved transmission electron microscope based on thermionic gun technology. Chem. Phys. 423, 79–84 (2013). (10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.06.026) / Chem. Phys. by L Piazza (2013)
Feist, A. et al. Quantum coherent optical phase modulation in an ultrafast transmission electron microscope. Nature 521, 200–203 (2015). (10.1038/nature14463) / Nature by A Feist (2015)
Plemmons, D. A., Suri, P. K. & Flannigan, D. J. Probing structural and electronic dynamics with ultrafast electron microscopy. Chem. Mater. 27, 3178–3192 (2015). (10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00433) / Chem. Mater. by DA Plemmons (2015)
van Oudheusden, T. et al. Compression of subrelativistic space-charge-dominated electron bunches for single-shot femtosecond electron diffraction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 264801 (2010). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.264801) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by T van Oudheusden (2010)
Chatelain, R. P., Morrison, V. R., Godbout, C. & Siwick, B. J. Ultrafast electron diffraction with radio-frequency compressed electron pulses. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 081901 (2012). (10.1063/1.4747155) / Appl. Phys. Lett. by RP Chatelain (2012)
Maxson, J. et al. Direct measurement of sub-10 fs relativistic electron beams with ultralow emittance. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 154802 (2017). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.154802) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by J Maxson (2017)
Gerbig, C., Senftleben, A., Morgenstern, S., Sarpe, C. & Baumert, T. Spatio-temporal resolution studies on a highly compact ultrafast electron diffractometer. New J. Phys. 17, 043050 (2015). (10.1088/1367-2630/17/4/043050) / New J. Phys. by C Gerbig (2015)
Storeck, G., Vogelgesang, S., Sivis, M., Schäfer, S. & Ropers, C. Nanotip-based photoelectron microgun for ultrafast LEED. Struct. Dyn. 4, 044024 (2017). (10.1063/1.4982947) / Struct. Dyn. by G Storeck (2017)
Raman, R. K., Tao, Z., Han, T.-R. & Ruan, C.-Y. Ultrafast imaging of photoelectron packets generated from graphite surface. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 181108 (2009). (10.1063/1.3259779) / Appl. Phys. Lett. by RK Raman (2009)
Park, H. & Zuo, J. M. Direct measurement of transient electric fields induced by ultrafast pulsed laser irradiation of silicon. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 251103 (2009). (10.1063/1.3157270) / Appl. Phys. Lett. by H Park (2009)
Mancini, G. F. et al. Design and implementation of a flexible beamline for fs electron diffraction experiments. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. 691, 113–122 (2012). (10.1016/j.nima.2012.06.057) / Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. by GF Mancini (2012)
Hommelhoff, P., Sortais, Y., Aghajani-Talesh, A. & Kasevich, M. A. Field emission tip as a nanometer source of free electron femtosecond pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 077401 (2006). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.077401) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by P Hommelhoff (2006)
Ropers, C., Solli, D. R., Schulz, C. P., Lienau, C. & Elsaesser, T. Localized multiphoton emission of femtosecond electron pulses from metal nanotips. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 043907 (2007). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.043907) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by C Ropers (2007)
Ehberger, D. et al. Highly coherent electron beam from a laser-triggered tungsten needle tip. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 227601 (2015). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.227601) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by D Ehberger (2015)
Wilson, J. A., Salvo, F. J. D. & Mahajan, S. Charge-density waves and superlattices in the metallic layered transition metal dichalcogenides. Adv. Phys. 24, 117–201 (1975). (10.1080/00018737500101391) / Adv. Phys. by JA Wilson (1975)
Rossnagel, K. On the origin of charge-density waves in select layered transition-metal dichalcogenides. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 23, 213001 (2011). (10.1088/0953-8984/23/21/213001) / J. Phys. Condens. Matter by K Rossnagel (2011)
Stojchevska, L. et al. Ultrafast switching to a stable hidden quantum state in an electronic crystal. Science 344, 177–180 (2014). (10.1126/science.1241591) / Science by L Stojchevska (2014)
Fazekas, P. & Tosatti, E. Electrical, structural and magnetic properties of pure and doped 1T-TaS2 . Philos. Mag. B 39, 229–244 (1979). (10.1080/13642817908245359) / Philos. Mag. B by P Fazekas (1979)
Ritschel, T. et al. Orbital textures and charge density waves in transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Phys. 11, 328–331 (2015). (10.1038/nphys3267) / Nat. Phys. by T Ritschel (2015)
Spijkerman, A., de Boer, J. L., Meetsma, A., Wiegers, G. A. & van Smaalen, S. X-ray crystal-structure refinement of the nearly commensurate phase of 1T-TaS2 in (3 + 2)-dimensional superspace. Phys. Rev. B 56, 13757–13767 (1997). (10.1103/PhysRevB.56.13757) / Phys. Rev. B by A Spijkerman (1997)
Nakanishi, K. & Shiba, H. Domain-like incommensurate charge-density-wave states and the first-order incommensurate–commensurate transitions in layered tantalum dichalcogenides. I. 1T-Polytype. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 43, 1839–1847 (1977). (10.1143/JPSJ.43.1839) / J. Phys. Soc. Jpn by K Nakanishi (1977)
Han, T.-R. T. et al. Exploration of metastability and hidden phases in correlated electron crystals visualized by femtosecond optical doping and electron crystallography. Sci. Adv. 1, e1400173 (2015). (10.1126/sciadv.1400173) / Sci. Adv. by T-RT Han (2015)
Nakanishi, K., Takatera, H., Yamada, Y. & Shiba, H. The nearly commensurate phase and effect of harmonics on the successive phase transition in 1T-TaS2 . J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 43, 1509–1517 (1977). (10.1143/JPSJ.43.1509) / J. Phys. Soc. Jpn by K Nakanishi (1977)
Hellmann, S. et al. Time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at FLASH. New J. Phys. 14, 013062 (2012). (10.1088/1367-2630/14/1/013062) / New J. Phys. by S Hellmann (2012)
Bray, A. J. Theory of phase-ordering kinetics. Adv. Phys. 51, 481–587 (2002). (10.1080/00018730110117433) / Adv. Phys. by AJ Bray (2002)
Toussaint, D. & Wilczek, F. Particle–antiparticle annihilation in diffusive motion. J. Chem. Phys. 78, 2642–2647 (1983). (10.1063/1.445022) / J. Chem. Phys. by D Toussaint (1983)
Toyoki, H. Pair annihilation of pointlike topological defects in the ordering process of quenched systems. Phys. Rev. A 42, 911–917 (1990). (10.1103/PhysRevA.42.911) / Phys. Rev. A by H Toyoki (1990)
Laulhé, C. et al. Ultrafast formation of a charge density wave state in 1T-TaS2: observation at nanometer scales using time-resolved X-ray diffraction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 247401 (2017). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.247401) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by C Laulhé (2017)
McMillan, W. L. Landau theory of charge-density waves in transition-metal dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B 12, 1187–1196 (1975). (10.1103/PhysRevB.12.1187) / Phys. Rev. B by WL McMillan (1975)
McMillan, W. L. Theory of discommensurations and the commensurate–incommensurate charge-density-wave phase transition. Phys. Rev. B 14, 1496–1502 (1976). (10.1103/PhysRevB.14.1496) / Phys. Rev. B by WL McMillan (1976)
Chaikin, P. M. & Lubensky, T. C. Principles of Condensed Matter Physics (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000). / Principles of Condensed Matter Physics by PM Chaikin (2000)
Overhauser, A. W. Observability of charge-density waves by neutron diffraction. Phys. Rev. B 3, 3173–3182 (1971). (10.1103/PhysRevB.3.3173) / Phys. Rev. B by AW Overhauser (1971)
Lee, W. S. et al. Phase fluctuations and the absence of topological defects in a photo-excited charge-ordered nickelate. Nat. Commun. 3, 838 (2012). (10.1038/ncomms1837) / Nat. Commun. by WS Lee (2012)
McMillan, W. L. Time-dependent Laudau theory of charge-density waves in transition-metal dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B 12, 1197–1199 (1975). (10.1103/PhysRevB.12.1197) / Phys. Rev. B by WL McMillan (1975)

Dates

Type	When
Created	7 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 6, 2017, 11:01 a.m.)
Deposited	2 years, 3 months ago (May 18, 2023, 8:09 p.m.)
Indexed	5 days, 16 hours ago (Aug. 29, 2025, 6:27 a.m.)
Issued	7 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 6, 2017)
Published	7 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 6, 2017)
Published Online	7 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 6, 2017)
Published Print	7 years, 7 months ago (Feb. 1, 2018)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Vogelgesang_2017, title={Phase ordering of charge density waves traced by ultrafast low-energy electron diffraction}, volume={14}, ISSN={1745-2481}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys4309}, DOI={10.1038/nphys4309}, number={2}, journal={Nature Physics}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Vogelgesang, S. and Storeck, G. and Horstmann, J. G. and Diekmann, T. and Sivis, M. and Schramm, S. and Rossnagel, K. and Schäfer, S. and Ropers, C.}, year={2017}, month=nov, pages={184–190} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        29
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-29T10:27:19Z",
    "timestamp": 1756463239922,
    "version": "3.37.3"
  },
  "reference-count": 64,
  "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  "issue": "2",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2017,
            11,
            6
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2017-11-06T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1509926400000
      },
      "content-version": "tdm",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "http://www.springer.com/tdm"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [
      "link.springer.com"
    ],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2018,
        2
      ]
    ]
  },
  "DOI": "10.1038/nphys4309",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2017,
        11,
        6
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2017-11-06T16:01:08Z",
    "timestamp": 1509984068000
  },
  "page": "184-190",
  "update-policy": "https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 139,
  "title": "Phase ordering of charge density waves traced by ultrafast low-energy electron diffraction",
  "prefix": "10.1038",
  "volume": "14",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "S.",
      "family": "Vogelgesang",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "G.",
      "family": "Storeck",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "J. G.",
      "family": "Horstmann",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "T.",
      "family": "Diekmann",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "M.",
      "family": "Sivis",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "S.",
      "family": "Schramm",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "K.",
      "family": "Rossnagel",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "S.",
      "family": "Sch\u00e4fer",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "ORCID": "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9539-3817",
      "authenticated-orcid": false,
      "given": "C.",
      "family": "Ropers",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "297",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2017,
        11,
        6
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR1",
      "volume-title": "Surfaces and Interfaces of Solid Materials",
      "author": "H L\u00fcth",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "L\u00fcth, H. Surfaces and Interfaces of Solid Materials (Springer Science & Business Media, 2013)."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1181",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0022-3719/6/7/010",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "JM Kosterlitz",
      "year": "1973",
      "unstructured": "Kosterlitz, J. M. & Thouless, D. J. Ordering, metastability and phase transitions in two-dimensional systems. J. Phys. C 6, 1181\u20131203 (1973).",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. C"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "343",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0039-6028(96)01412-4",
      "volume": "377",
      "author": "M Wolf",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Wolf, M. Femtosecond dynamics of electronic excitations at metal surfaces. Surf. Sci. 377, 343\u2013349 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Surf. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1480",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.277.5331.1480",
      "volume": "277",
      "author": "U H\u00f6fer",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "H\u00f6fer, U. et al. Time-resolved coherent photoelectron spectroscopy of quantized electronic states on metal surfaces. Science 277, 1480\u20131482 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "306",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys3609",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "F Mahmood",
      "year": "2016",
      "unstructured": "Mahmood, F. et al. Selective scattering between Floquet\u2013Bloch and Volkov states in a topological insulator. Nat. Phys. 12, 306\u2013310 (2016).",
      "journal-title": "Nat. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR6",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "DOI": "10.1002/9783527633418",
      "volume-title": "Dynamics at Solid State Surfaces and Interfaces",
      "author": "U Bovensiepen",
      "year": "2010",
      "unstructured": "Bovensiepen, U., Petek, H. & Wolf, M. Dynamics at Solid State Surfaces and Interfaces (John Wiley & Sons, 2010)."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "490",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature09829",
      "volume": "471",
      "author": "T Rohwer",
      "year": "2011",
      "unstructured": "Rohwer, T. et al. Collapse of long-range charge order tracked by time-resolved photoemission at high momenta. Nature 471, 490\u2013493 (2011).",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "231",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.elspec.2014.04.013",
      "volume": "195",
      "author": "S Eich",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Eich, S. et al. Time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with optimized high-harmonic pulses using frequency-doubled Ti:Sapphire lasers. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 195, 231\u2013236 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "243",
      "DOI": "10.1039/C4FD00042K",
      "volume": "171",
      "author": "C Sohrt",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Sohrt, C., Stange, A., Bauer, M. & Rossnagel, K. How fast can a Peierls\u2013Mott insulator be melted? Faraday Discuss. 171, 243\u2013257 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Faraday Discuss."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "239",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0079-6816(98)00002-1",
      "volume": "56",
      "author": "H Petek",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Petek, H. & Ogawa, S. Femtosecond time-resolved two-photon photoemission studies of electron dynamics in metals. Prog. Surf. Sci. 56, 239\u2013310 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Prog. Surf. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR11",
      "first-page": "011005",
      "volume": "2",
      "author": "C La- O-Vorakiat",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "La- O-Vorakiat, C. et al. Ultrafast demagnetization measurements using extreme ultraviolet light: comparison of electronic and magnetic contributions. Phys. Rev. X 2, 011005 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. X"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1508",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.103378",
      "volume": "57",
      "author": "HE Elsayed-Ali",
      "year": "1990",
      "unstructured": "Elsayed-Ali, H. E. & Herman, J. W. Picosecond time-resolved surface-lattice temperature probe. Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 1508\u20131510 (1990).",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR13",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1000",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1146036",
      "volume": "66",
      "author": "M Aeschlimann",
      "year": "1995",
      "unstructured": "Aeschlimann, M. et al. A picosecond electron gun for surface analysis. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 1000\u20131009 (1995).",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Sci. Instrum."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "214201",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3663963",
      "volume": "135",
      "author": "S Sch\u00e4fer",
      "year": "2011",
      "unstructured": "Sch\u00e4fer, S., Liang, W. & Zewail, A. H. Structural dynamics of surfaces by ultrafast electron crystallography: experimental and multiple scattering theory. J. Chem. Phys. 135, 214201 (2011).",
      "journal-title": "J. Chem. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR15",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.07.017",
      "volume": "127",
      "author": "A Hanisch-Blicharski",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Hanisch-Blicharski, A. et al. Ultra-fast electron diffraction at surfaces: from nanoscale heat transport to driven phase transitions. Ultramicroscopy 127, 2\u20138 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Ultramicroscopy"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "207",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature21432",
      "volume": "544",
      "author": "T Frigge",
      "year": "2017",
      "unstructured": "Frigge, T. et al. Optically excited structural transition in atomic wires on surfaces at the quantum limit. Nature 544, 207\u2013211 (2017).",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR17",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "307",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.52.307",
      "volume": "52",
      "author": "RS Becker",
      "year": "1984",
      "unstructured": "Becker, R. S., Higashi, G. S. & Golovchenko, J. A. Low-energy electron diffraction during pulsed laser annealing: a time-resolved surface structural study. Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 307\u2013310 (1984).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4404",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1419219",
      "volume": "72",
      "author": "R Karrer",
      "year": "2001",
      "unstructured": "Karrer, R., Neff, H. J., Hengsberger, M., Greber, T. & Osterwalder, J. Design of a miniature picosecond low-energy electron gun for time-resolved scattering experiments. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72, 4404\u20134407 (2001).",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Sci. Instrum."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR19",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "17010",
      "DOI": "10.1209/0295-5075/85/17010",
      "volume": "85",
      "author": "C Cirelli",
      "year": "2009",
      "unstructured": "Cirelli, C. et al. Direct observation of space charge dynamics by picosecond low-energy electron scattering. Europhys. Lett. 85, 17010 (2009).",
      "journal-title": "Europhys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR20",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "200",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1250658",
      "volume": "345",
      "author": "M Gulde",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Gulde, M. et al. Ultrafast low-energy electron diffraction in transmission resolves polymer/graphene superstructure dynamics. Science 345, 200\u2013204 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR21",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5292",
      "DOI": "10.1038/ncomms6292",
      "volume": "5",
      "author": "M M\u00fcller",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "M\u00fcller, M., Paarmann, A. & Ernstorfer, R. Femtosecond electrons probing currents and atomic structure in nanomaterials. Nat. Commun. 5, 5292 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nat. Commun."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR22",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1382",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1090052",
      "volume": "302",
      "author": "BJ Siwick",
      "year": "2003",
      "unstructured": "Siwick, B. J., Dwyer, J. R., Jordan, R. E. & Miller, R. J. D. An atomic-level view of melting using femtosecond electron diffraction. Science 302, 1382\u20131385 (2003).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR23",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "788",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1147724",
      "volume": "318",
      "author": "P Baum",
      "year": "2007",
      "unstructured": "Baum, P., Yang, D.-S. & Zewail, A. H. 4D visualization of transitional structures in phase transformations by electron diffraction. Science 318, 788\u2013792 (2007).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "181",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1175005",
      "volume": "325",
      "author": "F Carbone",
      "year": "2009",
      "unstructured": "Carbone, F., Kwon, O.-H. & Zewail, A. H. Dynamics of chemical bonding mapped by energy-resolved 4D electron microscopy. Science 325, 181\u2013184 (2009).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR25",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1033",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1162697",
      "volume": "323",
      "author": "R Ernstorfer",
      "year": "2009",
      "unstructured": "Ernstorfer, R. et al. The formation of warm dense matter: experimental evidence for electronic bond hardening in gold. Science 323, 1033\u20131037 (2009).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "799",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature09539",
      "volume": "468",
      "author": "M Eichberger",
      "year": "2010",
      "unstructured": "Eichberger, M. et al. Snapshots of cooperative atomic motions in the optical suppression of charge density waves. Nature 468, 799\u2013802 (2010).",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR27",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "034302",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.4882074",
      "volume": "1",
      "author": "MW Mourik",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Mourik, M. W., van Engelen, W. J., Vredenbregt, E. J. D. & Luiten, O. J. Ultrafast electron diffraction using an ultracold source. Struct. Dyn. 1, 034302 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Struct. Dyn."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR28",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "016402",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.016402",
      "volume": "116",
      "author": "K Haupt",
      "year": "2016",
      "unstructured": "Haupt, K. et al. Ultrafast metamorphosis of a complex charge-density wave. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 016402 (2016).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR29",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "111101",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1927699",
      "volume": "97",
      "author": "WE King",
      "year": "2005",
      "unstructured": "King, W. E. et al. Ultrafast electron microscopy in materials science, biology, and chemistry. J. Appl. Phys. 97, 111101 (2005).",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR30",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "187",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1166135",
      "volume": "328",
      "author": "AH Zewail",
      "year": "2010",
      "unstructured": "Zewail, A. H. Four-dimensional electron microscopy. Science 328, 187\u2013193 (2010).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR31",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "79",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.06.026",
      "volume": "423",
      "author": "L Piazza",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Piazza, L. et al. Design and implementation of a fs-resolved transmission electron microscope based on thermionic gun technology. Chem. Phys. 423, 79\u201384 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Chem. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR32",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "200",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature14463",
      "volume": "521",
      "author": "A Feist",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Feist, A. et al. Quantum coherent optical phase modulation in an ultrafast transmission electron microscope. Nature 521, 200\u2013203 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3178",
      "DOI": "10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b00433",
      "volume": "27",
      "author": "DA Plemmons",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Plemmons, D. A., Suri, P. K. & Flannigan, D. J. Probing structural and electronic dynamics with ultrafast electron microscopy. Chem. Mater. 27, 3178\u20133192 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Chem. Mater."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR34",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "264801",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.264801",
      "volume": "105",
      "author": "T van Oudheusden",
      "year": "2010",
      "unstructured": "van Oudheusden, T. et al. Compression of subrelativistic space-charge-dominated electron bunches for single-shot femtosecond electron diffraction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 264801 (2010).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR35",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "081901",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.4747155",
      "volume": "101",
      "author": "RP Chatelain",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Chatelain, R. P., Morrison, V. R., Godbout, C. & Siwick, B. J. Ultrafast electron diffraction with radio-frequency compressed electron pulses. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 081901 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR36",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "154802",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.154802",
      "volume": "118",
      "author": "J Maxson",
      "year": "2017",
      "unstructured": "Maxson, J. et al. Direct measurement of sub-10 fs relativistic electron beams with ultralow emittance. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 154802 (2017).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR37",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "043050",
      "DOI": "10.1088/1367-2630/17/4/043050",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "C Gerbig",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Gerbig, C., Senftleben, A., Morgenstern, S., Sarpe, C. & Baumert, T. Spatio-temporal resolution studies on a highly compact ultrafast electron diffractometer. New J. Phys. 17, 043050 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "New J. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR38",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "044024",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.4982947",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "G Storeck",
      "year": "2017",
      "unstructured": "Storeck, G., Vogelgesang, S., Sivis, M., Sch\u00e4fer, S. & Ropers, C. Nanotip-based photoelectron microgun for ultrafast LEED. Struct. Dyn. 4, 044024 (2017).",
      "journal-title": "Struct. Dyn."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR39",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "181108",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3259779",
      "volume": "95",
      "author": "RK Raman",
      "year": "2009",
      "unstructured": "Raman, R. K., Tao, Z., Han, T.-R. & Ruan, C.-Y. Ultrafast imaging of photoelectron packets generated from graphite surface. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 181108 (2009).",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR40",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "251103",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3157270",
      "volume": "94",
      "author": "H Park",
      "year": "2009",
      "unstructured": "Park, H. & Zuo, J. M. Direct measurement of transient electric fields induced by ultrafast pulsed laser irradiation of silicon. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 251103 (2009).",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR41",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "113",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.nima.2012.06.057",
      "volume": "691",
      "author": "GF Mancini",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Mancini, G. F. et al. Design and implementation of a flexible beamline for fs electron diffraction experiments. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. 691, 113\u2013122 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR42",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "077401",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.077401",
      "volume": "96",
      "author": "P Hommelhoff",
      "year": "2006",
      "unstructured": "Hommelhoff, P., Sortais, Y., Aghajani-Talesh, A. & Kasevich, M. A. Field emission tip as a nanometer source of free electron femtosecond pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 077401 (2006).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR43",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "043907",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.043907",
      "volume": "98",
      "author": "C Ropers",
      "year": "2007",
      "unstructured": "Ropers, C., Solli, D. R., Schulz, C. P., Lienau, C. & Elsaesser, T. Localized multiphoton emission of femtosecond electron pulses from metal nanotips. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 043907 (2007).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR44",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "227601",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.227601",
      "volume": "114",
      "author": "D Ehberger",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Ehberger, D. et al. Highly coherent electron beam from a laser-triggered tungsten needle tip. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 227601 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR45",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "117",
      "DOI": "10.1080/00018737500101391",
      "volume": "24",
      "author": "JA Wilson",
      "year": "1975",
      "unstructured": "Wilson, J. A., Salvo, F. J. D. & Mahajan, S. Charge-density waves and superlattices in the metallic layered transition metal dichalcogenides. Adv. Phys. 24, 117\u2013201 (1975).",
      "journal-title": "Adv. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR46",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "213001",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0953-8984/23/21/213001",
      "volume": "23",
      "author": "K Rossnagel",
      "year": "2011",
      "unstructured": "Rossnagel, K. On the origin of charge-density waves in select layered transition-metal dichalcogenides. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 23, 213001 (2011).",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Condens. Matter"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR47",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "177",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1241591",
      "volume": "344",
      "author": "L Stojchevska",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Stojchevska, L. et al. Ultrafast switching to a stable hidden quantum state in an electronic crystal. Science 344, 177\u2013180 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR48",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "229",
      "DOI": "10.1080/13642817908245359",
      "volume": "39",
      "author": "P Fazekas",
      "year": "1979",
      "unstructured": "Fazekas, P. & Tosatti, E. Electrical, structural and magnetic properties of pure and doped 1T-TaS2 . Philos. Mag. B 39, 229\u2013244 (1979).",
      "journal-title": "Philos. Mag. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR49",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "328",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys3267",
      "volume": "11",
      "author": "T Ritschel",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Ritschel, T. et al. Orbital textures and charge density waves in transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Phys. 11, 328\u2013331 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nat. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR50",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "13757",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.56.13757",
      "volume": "56",
      "author": "A Spijkerman",
      "year": "1997",
      "unstructured": "Spijkerman, A., de Boer, J. L., Meetsma, A., Wiegers, G. A. & van Smaalen, S. X-ray crystal-structure refinement of the nearly commensurate phase of 1T-TaS2 in (3 + 2)-dimensional superspace. Phys. Rev. B 56, 13757\u201313767 (1997).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR51",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1839",
      "DOI": "10.1143/JPSJ.43.1839",
      "volume": "43",
      "author": "K Nakanishi",
      "year": "1977",
      "unstructured": "Nakanishi, K. & Shiba, H. Domain-like incommensurate charge-density-wave states and the first-order incommensurate\u2013commensurate transitions in layered tantalum dichalcogenides. I. 1T-Polytype. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 43, 1839\u20131847 (1977).",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Soc. Jpn"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR52",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "e1400173",
      "DOI": "10.1126/sciadv.1400173",
      "volume": "1",
      "author": "T-RT Han",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Han, T.-R. T. et al. Exploration of metastability and hidden phases in correlated electron crystals visualized by femtosecond optical doping and electron crystallography. Sci. Adv. 1, e1400173 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Sci. Adv."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR53",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1509",
      "DOI": "10.1143/JPSJ.43.1509",
      "volume": "43",
      "author": "K Nakanishi",
      "year": "1977",
      "unstructured": "Nakanishi, K., Takatera, H., Yamada, Y. & Shiba, H. The nearly commensurate phase and effect of harmonics on the successive phase transition in 1T-TaS2 . J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 43, 1509\u20131517 (1977).",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Soc. Jpn"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR54",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "013062",
      "DOI": "10.1088/1367-2630/14/1/013062",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "S Hellmann",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Hellmann, S. et al. Time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at FLASH. New J. Phys. 14, 013062 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "New J. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR55",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "481",
      "DOI": "10.1080/00018730110117433",
      "volume": "51",
      "author": "AJ Bray",
      "year": "2002",
      "unstructured": "Bray, A. J. Theory of phase-ordering kinetics. Adv. Phys. 51, 481\u2013587 (2002).",
      "journal-title": "Adv. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR56",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2642",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.445022",
      "volume": "78",
      "author": "D Toussaint",
      "year": "1983",
      "unstructured": "Toussaint, D. & Wilczek, F. Particle\u2013antiparticle annihilation in diffusive motion. J. Chem. Phys. 78, 2642\u20132647 (1983).",
      "journal-title": "J. Chem. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR57",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "911",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevA.42.911",
      "volume": "42",
      "author": "H Toyoki",
      "year": "1990",
      "unstructured": "Toyoki, H. Pair annihilation of pointlike topological defects in the ordering process of quenched systems. Phys. Rev. A 42, 911\u2013917 (1990).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR58",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "247401",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.247401",
      "volume": "118",
      "author": "C Laulh\u00e9",
      "year": "2017",
      "unstructured": "Laulh\u00e9, C. et al. Ultrafast formation of a charge density wave state in 1T-TaS2: observation at nanometer scales using time-resolved X-ray diffraction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 247401 (2017).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR59",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1187",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.12.1187",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "WL McMillan",
      "year": "1975",
      "unstructured": "McMillan, W. L. Landau theory of charge-density waves in transition-metal dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B 12, 1187\u20131196 (1975).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR60",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1496",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.14.1496",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "WL McMillan",
      "year": "1976",
      "unstructured": "McMillan, W. L. Theory of discommensurations and the commensurate\u2013incommensurate charge-density-wave phase transition. Phys. Rev. B 14, 1496\u20131502 (1976).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR61",
      "volume-title": "Principles of Condensed Matter Physics",
      "author": "PM Chaikin",
      "year": "2000",
      "unstructured": "Chaikin, P. M. & Lubensky, T. C. Principles of Condensed Matter Physics (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000)."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR62",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3173",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.3.3173",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "AW Overhauser",
      "year": "1971",
      "unstructured": "Overhauser, A. W. Observability of charge-density waves by neutron diffraction. Phys. Rev. B 3, 3173\u20133182 (1971).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR63",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "838",
      "DOI": "10.1038/ncomms1837",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "WS Lee",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Lee, W. S. et al. Phase fluctuations and the absence of topological defects in a photo-excited charge-ordered nickelate. Nat. Commun. 3, 838 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Nat. Commun."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphys4309_CR64",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1197",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.12.1197",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "WL McMillan",
      "year": "1975",
      "unstructured": "McMillan, W. L. Time-dependent Laudau theory of charge-density waves in transition-metal dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B 12, 1197\u20131199 (1975).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Nature Physics",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "http://www.nature.com/articles/nphys4309.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "http://www.nature.com/articles/nphys4309",
      "content-type": "text/html",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nphys4309",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    },
    {
      "URL": "http://www.nature.com/articles/nphys4309.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        5,
        19
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-05-19T00:09:58Z",
    "timestamp": 1684454998000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys4309"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2017,
        11,
        6
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 64,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "2",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2018,
          2
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "BFnphys4309"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys4309",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "1745-2473",
    "1745-2481"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Nat. Phys.",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2017,
        11,
        6
      ]
    ]
  },
  "assertion": [
    {
      "value": "30 March 2017",
      "order": 1,
      "name": "received",
      "label": "Received",
      "group": {
        "name": "ArticleHistory",
        "label": "Article History"
      }
    },
    {
      "value": "1 October 2017",
      "order": 2,
      "name": "accepted",
      "label": "Accepted",
      "group": {
        "name": "ArticleHistory",
        "label": "Article History"
      }
    },
    {
      "value": "6 November 2017",
      "order": 3,
      "name": "first_online",
      "label": "First Online",
      "group": {
        "name": "ArticleHistory",
        "label": "Article History"
      }
    },
    {
      "value": "The authors declare no competing financial interests.",
      "order": 1,
      "name": "Ethics",
      "group": {
        "name": "EthicsHeading",
        "label": "Competing interests"
      }
    }
  ]
}