DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2015.282. Photonics and optoelectronics of 2D semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides

Photonics and optoelectronics of 2D semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides

10.1038/nphoton.2015.282

Crossref journal-article

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Nature Photonics (297)

Bibliography

Mak, K. F., & Shan, J. (2016). Photonics and optoelectronics of 2D semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides. Nature Photonics, 10(4), 216â226.

Authors 2

Kin Fai Mak (first)
Jie Shan (additional)

References 123 Referenced 3,273

Novoselov, K. S. et al. Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 10451–10453 (2005). (10.1073/pnas.0502848102) / Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA by KS Novoselov (2005)
Wang, Q. H., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Kis, A., Coleman, J. N. & Strano, M. S. Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Nature Nanotech. 7, 699–712 (2012). (10.1038/nnano.2012.193) / Nature Nanotech. by QH Wang (2012)
Castro Neto, A. H., Guinea, F., Peres, N. M. R., Novoselov, K. S. & Geim, A. K. The electronic properties of graphene. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 109–162 (2009). (10.1103/RevModPhys.81.109) / Rev. Mod. Phys. by AH Castro Neto (2009)
Geim, A. K. Graphene: status and prospects. Science 324, 1530–1534 (2009). (10.1126/science.1158877) / Science by AK Geim (2009)
Xiao, D., Liu, G.-B., Feng, W., Xu, X. & Yao, W. Coupled spin and valley physics in monolayers of MoS2 and other group-VI dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 196802 (2012). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.196802) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by D Xiao (2012)
Xu, X., Yao, W., Xiao, D. & Heinz, T. F. Spin and pseudospins in layered transition metal dichalcogenides. Nature Phys. 10, 343–350 (2014). (10.1038/nphys2942) / Nature Phys. by X Xu (2014)
Splendiani, A. et al. Emerging photoluminescence in monolayer MoS2 . Nano Lett. 10, 1271–1275 (2010). (10.1021/nl903868w) / Nano Lett. by A Splendiani (2010)
Mak, K. F., Lee, C., Hone, J., Shan, J. & Heinz, T. F. Atomically thin MoS2: a new direct-gap semiconductor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 136805 (2010). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.136805) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by KF Mak (2010)
Mak, K. F., Ju, L., Wang, F. & Heinz, T. F. Optical spectroscopy of graphene: from the far infrared to the ultraviolet. Solid State Commun. 152, 1341–1349 (2012). (10.1016/j.ssc.2012.04.064) / Solid State Commun. by KF Mak (2012)
Bonaccorso, F., Sun, Z., Hasan, T. & Ferrari, A. C. Graphene photonics and optoelectronics. Nature Photon. 4, 611–622 (2010). (10.1038/nphoton.2010.186) / Nature Photon. by F Bonaccorso (2010)
Grigorenko, A. N., Polini, M. & Novoselov, K. S. Graphene plasmonics. Nature Photon. 6, 749–758 (2012). (10.1038/nphoton.2012.262) / Nature Photon. by AN Grigorenko (2012)
Xia, F., Wang, H., Xiao, D., Dubey, M. & Ramasubramaniam, A. Two-dimensional material nanophotonics. Nature Photon. 8, 899–907 (2014). (10.1038/nphoton.2014.271) / Nature Photon. by F Xia (2014)
Geim, A. K. & Grigorieva, I. V. Van der Waals heterostructures. Nature 499, 419–425 (2013). (10.1038/nature12385) / Nature by AK Geim (2013)
Butler, S. Z. et al. Progress, challenges, and opportunities in two-dimensional materials beyond graphene. ACS Nano 7, 2898–2926 (2013). (10.1021/nn400280c) / ACS Nano by SZ Butler (2013)
Xiao, D., Chang, M.-C. & Niu, Q. Berry phase effects on electronic properties. Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1959–2007 (2010). (10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1959) / Rev. Mod. Phys. by D Xiao (2010)
Koppens, F. H. L. et al. Photodetectors based on graphene, other two-dimensional materials and hybrid systems. Nature Nanotech. 9, 780–793 (2014). (10.1038/nnano.2014.215) / Nature Nanotech. by FHL Koppens (2014)
Cudazzo, P., Tokatly, I. V. & Rubio, A. Dielectric screening in two-dimensional insulators: implications for excitonic and impurity states in graphane. Phys. Rev. B 84, 085406 (2011). (10.1103/PhysRevB.84.085406) / Phys. Rev. B by P Cudazzo (2011)
Ramasubramaniam, A. Large excitonic effects in monolayers of molybdenum and tungsten dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B 86, 115409 (2012). (10.1103/PhysRevB.86.115409) / Phys. Rev. B by A Ramasubramaniam (2012)
Komsa, H.-P. & Krasheninnikov, A. V. Effects of confinement and environment on the electronic structure and exciton binding energy of MoS2 from first principles. Phys. Rev. B 86, 241201 (2012). (10.1103/PhysRevB.86.241201) / Phys. Rev. B by H-P Komsa (2012)
Berkelbach, T. C., Hybertsen, M. S. & Reichman, D. R. Theory of neutral and charged excitons in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B 88, 045318 (2013). (10.1103/PhysRevB.88.045318) / Phys. Rev. B by TC Berkelbach (2013)
Qiu, D. Y., da Jornada, F. H. & Louie, S. G. Optical spectrum of MoS2: many-body effects and diversity of exciton states. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 216805 (2013). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.216805) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by DY Qiu (2013)
Mak, K. F. et al. Tightly bound trions in monolayer MoS2 . Nature Mater. 12, 207–211 (2013). (10.1038/nmat3505) / Nature Mater. by KF Mak (2013)
Chernikov, A. et al. Exciton binding energy and nonhydrogenic Rydberg series in monolayer WS2 . Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 076802 (2014). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.076802) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by A Chernikov (2014)
He, K. et al. Tightly bound excitons in monolayer WSe2 . Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 026803 (2014). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.026803) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by K He (2014)
Ye, Z. et al. Probing excitonic dark states in single-layer tungsten disulphide. Nature 513, 214–218 (2014). (10.1038/nature13734) / Nature by Z Ye (2014)
Wang, G. et al. Giant enhancement of the optical second-harmonic emission of WSe2 monolayers by laser excitation at exciton resonances. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 097403 (2015). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.097403) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by G Wang (2015)
Feldmann, J. et al. Linewidth dependence of radiative exciton lifetimes in quantum-wells. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2337–2340 (1987). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2337) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by J Feldmann (1987)
Haug, H. & Banyai, L. (eds) Optical Switching in Low-Dimensional Systems 206 (Plenum, 1989). (10.1007/978-1-4684-7278-3) / Optical Switching in Low-Dimensional Systems by H Haug (1989)
Schmittrink, S., Chemla, D. S. & Miller, D. A. B. Linear and nonlinear optical properties of semiconductor quantum wells. Adv. Phys. 38, 89–188 (1989). (10.1080/00018738900101102) / Adv. Phys. by S Schmittrink (1989)
Haug, H. & Koch, S. W. Quantum Theory of the Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconductors (World Scientific, 2004). (10.1142/5394) / Quantum Theory of the Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconductors by H Haug (2004)
Mattheis, L. F. Band structures of transition-metal-dichalcogenide layer compounds. Phys. Rev. B 8, 3719–3740 (1973). (10.1103/PhysRevB.8.3719) / Phys. Rev. B by LF Mattheis (1973)
Li, T. & Galli, G. Electronic properties of MoS2 nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 16192–16196 (2007). (10.1021/jp075424v) / J. Phys. Chem. C by T Li (2007)
Lebegue, S. & Eriksson, O. Electronic structure of two-dimensional crystals from ab initio theory. Phys. Rev. B 79, 115409 (2009). (10.1103/PhysRevB.79.115409) / Phys. Rev. B by S Lebegue (2009)
Cheiwchanchamnangij, T. & Lambrecht, W. R. L. Quasiparticle band structure calculation of monolayer, bilayer, and bulk MoS2 . Phys. Rev. B 85, 205302 (2012). (10.1103/PhysRevB.85.205302) / Phys. Rev. B by T Cheiwchanchamnangij (2012)
Xiao, D., Yao, W. & Niu, Q. Valley-contrasting physics in graphene: magnetic moment and topological transport. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 236809 (2007). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.236809) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by D Xiao (2007)
Liu, G.-B., Shan, W.-Y., Yao, Y., Yao, W. & Xiao, D. Three-band tight-binding model for monolayers of group-VIB transition metal dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B 88, 085433 (2013). (10.1103/PhysRevB.88.085433) / Phys. Rev. B by G-B Liu (2013)
Srivastava, A. et al. Valley Zeeman effect in elementary optical excitations of monolayer WSe2 . Nature Phys. 11, 141–147 (2015). (10.1038/nphys3203) / Nature Phys. by A Srivastava (2015)
MacNeill, D. et al. Breaking of valley degeneracy by magnetic field in monolayer MoSe2 . Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 037401 (2015). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.037401) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by D MacNeill (2015)
Li, Y. et al. Valley splitting and polarization by the Zeeman effect in monolayer MoSe2 . Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 266804 (2014). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.266804) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Y Li (2014)
Aivazian, G. et al. Magnetic control of valley pseudospin in monolayer WSe2 . Nature Phys. 11, 148–152 (2015). (10.1038/nphys3201) / Nature Phys. by G Aivazian (2015)
Cao, T. et al. Valley-selective circular dichroism of monolayer molybdenum disulphide. Nature Commun. 3, 887 (2012). (10.1038/ncomms1882) / Nature Commun. by T Cao (2012)
Mak, K. F., He, K., Shan, J. & Heinz, T. F. Control of valley polarization in monolayer MoS2 by optical helicity. Nature Nanotech. 7, 494–498 (2012). (10.1038/nnano.2012.96) / Nature Nanotech. by KF Mak (2012)
Zeng, H., Dai, J., Yao, W., Xiao, D. & Cui, X. Valley polarization in MoS2 monolayers by optical pumping. Nature Nanotech. 7, 490–493 (2012). (10.1038/nnano.2012.95) / Nature Nanotech. by H Zeng (2012)
Sallen, G. et al. Robust optical emission polarization in MoS2 monolayers through selective valley excitation. Phys. Rev. B 86, 081301 (2012). (10.1103/PhysRevB.86.081301) / Phys. Rev. B by G Sallen (2012)
Jones, A. M. et al. Optical generation of excitonic valley coherence in monolayer WSe2 . Nature Nanotech. 8, 634–638 (2013). (10.1038/nnano.2013.151) / Nature Nanotech. by AM Jones (2013)
Mak, K. F., McGill, K. L., Park, J. & McEuen, P. L. The valley Hall effect in MoS2 transistors. Science 344, 1489–1492 (2014). (10.1126/science.1250140) / Science by KF Mak (2014)
Gorbachev, R. V. et al. Detecting topological currents in graphene superlattices. Science 346, 448–451 (2014). (10.1126/science.1254966) / Science by RV Gorbachev (2014)
Lensky, Y. D., Song, J. C. W., Samutpraphoot, P. & Levitov, L. S. Topological valley currents in gapped Dirac materials. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 256601 (2015). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.256601) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by YD Lensky (2015)
Ugeda, M. M. et al. Giant bandgap renormalization and excitonic effects in a monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductor. Nature Mater. 13, 1091–1095 (2014). (10.1038/nmat4061) / Nature Mater. by MM Ugeda (2014)
Zhang, C., Johnson, A., Hsu, C.-L., Li, L.-J. & Shih, C.-K. Direct imaging of band profile in single layer MoS2 on graphite: quasiparticle energy gap, metallic edge states, and edge band bending. Nano Lett. 14, 2443–2447 (2014). (10.1021/nl501133c) / Nano Lett. by C Zhang (2014)
Ross, J. S. et al. Electrical control of neutral and charged excitons in a monolayer semiconductor. Nature Commun. 4, 1474 (2013). (10.1038/ncomms2498) / Nature Commun. by JS Ross (2013)
Shang, J. et al. Observation of excitonic fine structure in a 2D transition-metal dichalcogenide semiconductor. ACS Nano 9, 647–655 (2015). (10.1021/nn5059908) / ACS Nano by J Shang (2015)
You, Y. et al. Observation of biexcitons in monolayer WSe2 . Nature Phys. 11, 477–481 (2015). (10.1038/nphys3324) / Nature Phys. by Y You (2015)
Sanvitto, D. et al. Observation of charge transport by negatively charged excitons. Science 294, 837–839 (2001). (10.1126/science.1064847) / Science by D Sanvitto (2001)
Fogler, M. M., Butov, L. V. & Novoselov, K. S. High-temperature superfluidity with indirect excitons in van der Waals heterostructures. Nature Commun. 5, 4555 (2014). (10.1038/ncomms5555) / Nature Commun. by MM Fogler (2014)
Withers, F. et al. Light-emitting diodes by band-structure engineering in van der Waals heterostructures. Nature Mater. 14, 301–306 (2015). (10.1038/nmat4205) / Nature Mater. by F Withers (2015)
Ross, J. S. et al. Electrically tunable excitonic light-emitting diodes based on monolayer WSe2 p–n junctions. Nature Nanotech. 9, 268–272 (2014). (10.1038/nnano.2014.26) / Nature Nanotech. by JS Ross (2014)
Zutic, I., Fabian, J. & Das Sarma, S. Spintronics: fundamentals and applications. Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 323–410 (2004). (10.1103/RevModPhys.76.323) / Rev. Mod. Phys. by I Zutic (2004)
Lee, H. S. et al. MoS2 nanosheet phototransistors with thickness-modulated optical energy gap. Nano Lett. 12, 3695–3700 (2012). (10.1021/nl301485q) / Nano Lett. by HS Lee (2012)
Britnell, L. et al. Strong light–matter interactions in heterostructures of atomically thin films. Science 340, 1311–1314 (2013). (10.1126/science.1235547) / Science by L Britnell (2013)
Lopez-Sanchez, O., Lembke, D., Kayci, M., Radenovic, A. & Kis, A. Ultrasensitive photodetectors based on monolayer MoS2 . Nature Nanotech. 8, 497–501 (2013). (10.1038/nnano.2013.100) / Nature Nanotech. by O Lopez-Sanchez (2013)
Tsai, D.-S. et al. Few-layer MoS2 with high broadband photogain and fast optical switching for use in harsh environments. ACS Nano 7, 3905–3911 (2013). (10.1021/nn305301b) / ACS Nano by D-S Tsai (2013)
Fontana, M. et al. Electron–hole transport and photovoltaic effect in gated MoS2 Schottky junctions. Sci. Rep. 3, 1634 (2013). (10.1038/srep01634) / Sci. Rep. by M Fontana (2013)
Sundaram, R. S. et al. Electroluminescence in single layer MoS2 . Nano Lett. 13, 1416–1421 (2013). (10.1021/nl400516a) / Nano Lett. by RS Sundaram (2013)
Cheng, R. et al. Electroluminescence and photocurrent generation from atomically sharp WSe2/MoS2 heterojunction p–n diodes. Nano Lett. 14, 5590–5597 (2014). (10.1021/nl502075n) / Nano Lett. by R Cheng (2014)
Lee, C.-H. et al. Atomically thin p–n junctions with van der Waals heterointerfaces. Nature Nanotech. 9, 676–681 (2014). (10.1038/nnano.2014.150) / Nature Nanotech. by C-H Lee (2014)
Baugher, B. W. H., Churchill, H. O. H., Yang, Y. & Jarillo-Herrero, P. Optoelectronic devices based on electrically tunable p–n diodes in a monolayer dichalcogenide. Nature Nanotech. 9, 262–267 (2014). (10.1038/nnano.2014.25) / Nature Nanotech. by BWH Baugher (2014)
Duan, X. et al. Lateral epitaxial growth of two-dimensional layered semiconductor heterojunctions. Nature Nanotech. 9, 1024–1030 (2014). (10.1038/nnano.2014.222) / Nature Nanotech. by X Duan (2014)
Pospischil, A., Furchi, M. M. & Mueller, T. Solar-energy conversion and light emission in an atomic monolayer p–n diode. Nature Nanotech. 9, 257–261 (2014). (10.1038/nnano.2014.14) / Nature Nanotech. by A Pospischil (2014)
Massicotte, M. et al. Picosecond photoresponse in van der Waals heterostructures. Nature Nanotech. 11, 42–46 (2016). (10.1038/nnano.2015.227) / Nature Nanotech. by M Massicotte (2016)
Yu, W. J. et al. Highly efficient gate-tunable photocurrent generation in vertical heterostructures of layered materials. Nature Nanotech. 8, 952–958 (2013). (10.1038/nnano.2013.219) / Nature Nanotech. by WJ Yu (2013)
Furchi, M. M., Pospischil, A., Libisch, F., Burgdörfer, J. & Mueller, T. Photovoltaic effect in an electrically tunable van der Waals heterojunction. Nano Lett. 14, 4785–4791 (2014). (10.1021/nl501962c) / Nano Lett. by MM Furchi (2014)
Xia, F., Mueller, T., Lin, Y.-m., Valdes-Garcia, A. & Avouris, P. Ultrafast graphene photodetector. Nature Nanotech. 4, 839–843 (2009). (10.1038/nnano.2009.292) / Nature Nanotech. by F Xia (2009)
Xu, X., Gabor, N. M., Alden, J. S., van der Zande, A. M. & McEuen, P. L. Photo-thermoelectric effect at a graphene interface junction. Nano Lett. 10, 562–566 (2010). (10.1021/nl903451y) / Nano Lett. by X Xu (2010)
Gabor, N. M. et al. Hot carrier-assisted intrinsic photoresponse in graphene. Science 334, 648–652 (2011). (10.1126/science.1211384) / Science by NM Gabor (2011)
Yan, J. et al. Dual-gated bilayer graphene hot-electron bolometer. Nature Nanotech. 7, 472–478 (2012). (10.1038/nnano.2012.88) / Nature Nanotech. by J Yan (2012)
Freitag, M., Low, T., Xia, F. & Avouris, P. Photoconductivity of biased graphene. Nature Photon. 7, 53–59 (2013). (10.1038/nphoton.2012.314) / Nature Photon. by M Freitag (2013)
Gan, X. et al. Chip-integrated ultrafast graphene photodetector with high responsivity. Nature Photon. 7, 883–887 (2013). (10.1038/nphoton.2013.253) / Nature Photon. by X Gan (2013)
Pospischil, A. et al. CMOS-compatible graphene photodetector covering all optical communication bands. Nature Photon. 7, 892–896 (2013). (10.1038/nphoton.2013.240) / Nature Photon. by A Pospischil (2013)
Wang, X., Cheng, Z., Xu, K., Tsang, H. K. & Xu, J.-B. High-responsivity graphene/silicon-heterostructure waveguide photodetectors. Nature Photon. 7, 888–891 (2013). (10.1038/nphoton.2013.241) / Nature Photon. by X Wang (2013)
Korn, T., Heydrich, S., Hirmer, M., Schmutzler, J. & Schüller, C. Low-temperature photocarrier dynamics in monolayer MoS2 . Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 102109 (2011). (10.1063/1.3636402) / Appl. Phys. Lett. by T Korn (2011)
Wang, R. et al. Ultrafast and spatially resolved studies of charge carriers in atomically thin molybdenum disulfide. Phys. Rev. B 86, 045406 (2012). (10.1103/PhysRevB.86.045406) / Phys. Rev. B by R Wang (2012)
Sze, S. M. Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology (Wiley, 2002). / Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology by SM Sze (2002)
Katz, O., Garber, V., Meyler, B., Bahir, G. & Salzman, J. Gain mechanism in GaN Schottky ultraviolet detectors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 1417–1419 (2001). (10.1063/1.1394717) / Appl. Phys. Lett. by O Katz (2001)
Furchi, M. M., Polyushkin, D. K., Pospischil, A. & Mueller, T. Mechanisms of photoconductivity in atomically thin MoS2 . Nano Lett. 14, 6165–6170 (2014). (10.1021/nl502339q) / Nano Lett. by MM Furchi (2014)
Kim, Y. D. et al. Bright visible light emission from graphene. Nature Nanotech. 10, 676–681 (2015). (10.1038/nnano.2015.118) / Nature Nanotech. by YD Kim (2015)
Zhang, Y. J., Oka, T., Suzuki, R., Ye, J. T. & Iwasa, Y. Electrically switchable chiral light-emitting transistor. Science 344, 725–728 (2014). (10.1126/science.1251329) / Science by YJ Zhang (2014)
Yuan, H. et al. Generation and electric control of spin–valley-coupled circular photogalvanic current in WSe2 . Nature Nanotech. 9, 851–857 (2014). (10.1038/nnano.2014.183) / Nature Nanotech. by H Yuan (2014)
Gan, X. et al. Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of monolayer MoS2 in a photonic crystal nanocavity. Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 181119 (2013). (10.1063/1.4826679) / Appl. Phys. Lett. by X Gan (2013)
Wu, S. et al. Control of two-dimensional excitonic light emission via photonic crystal. 2D Mater. 1, 011001 (2014). (10.1088/2053-1583/1/1/011001) / 2D Mater. by S Wu (2014)
Wu, S. et al. Monolayer semiconductor nanocavity lasers with ultralow thresholds. Nature 520, 69–72 (2015). (10.1038/nature14290) / Nature by S Wu (2015)
Ye, Y. et al. Monolayer excitonic laser. Nature Photon. 9, 733–737 (2015). (10.1038/nphoton.2015.197) / Nature Photon. by Y Ye (2015)
Liu, X. et al. Strong light–matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystals. Nature Photon. 9, 30–34 (2015). (10.1038/nphoton.2014.304) / Nature Photon. by X Liu (2015)
Dufferwiel, S. et al. Exciton–polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures embedded in tunable microcavities. Nature Commun. 6, 8579 (2015). (10.1038/ncomms9579) / Nature Commun. by S Dufferwiel (2015)
Fujita, M., Takahashi, S., Tanaka, Y., Asano, T. & Noda, S. Simultaneous inhibition and redistribution of spontaneous light emission in photonic crystals. Science 308, 1296–1298 (2005). (10.1126/science.1110417) / Science by M Fujita (2005)
Purcell, E. M. Spontaneous emission probabilities at radio frequencies. Phys. Rev. 69, 681 (1946). (10.1103/PhysRev.69.37) / Phys. Rev. by EM Purcell (1946)
Englund, D. et al. Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 013904 (2005). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.013904) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by D Englund (2005)
Weisbuch, C., Nishioka, M., Ishikawa, A. & Arakawa, Y. Observation of the coupled exciton-photon mode splitting in a semiconductor quantum microcavity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3314–3317 (1992). (10.1103/PhysRevLett.69.3314) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by C Weisbuch (1992)
Andreani, L. C., Panzarini, G. & Gerard, J. M. Strong-coupling regime for quantum boxes in pillar microcavities: theory. Phys. Rev. B 60, 13276–13279 (1999). (10.1103/PhysRevB.60.13276) / Phys. Rev. B by LC Andreani (1999)
Reithmaier, J. P. et al. Strong coupling in a single quantum dot–semiconductor microcavity system. Nature 432, 197–200 (2004). (10.1038/nature02969) / Nature by JP Reithmaier (2004)
Yoshie, T. et al. Vacuum Rabi splitting with a single quantum dot in a photonic crystal nanocavity. Nature 432, 200–203 (2004). (10.1038/nature03119) / Nature by T Yoshie (2004)
Yokoyama, H. Physics and device applications of optical microcavities. Science 256, 66–70 (1992). (10.1126/science.256.5053.66) / Science by H Yokoyama (1992)
Khajavikhan, M. et al. Thresholdless nanoscale coaxial lasers. Nature 482, 204–207 (2012). (10.1038/nature10840) / Nature by M Khajavikhan (2012)
Yokoyama, H. & Brorson, S. D. Rate-equation analysis of microcavity lasers. J. Appl. Phys. 66, 4801–4805 (1989). (10.1063/1.343793) / J. Appl. Phys. by H Yokoyama (1989)
Salehzadeh, O., Djavid, M., Tran, N. H., Shih, I. & Mi, Z. Optically pumped two-dimensional MoS2 lasers operating at room-temperature. Nano Lett. 15, 5302–5306 (2015). (10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01665) / Nano Lett. by O Salehzadeh (2015)
Chernikov, A., Ruppert, C., Hill, H. M., Rigosi, A. F. & Heinz, T. F. Population inversion and giant bandgap renormalization in atomically thin WS2 layers. Nature Photon. 9, 466–470 (2015). (10.1038/nphoton.2015.104) / Nature Photon. by A Chernikov (2015)
Hanson, R. & Awschalom, D. D. Coherent manipulation of single spins in semiconductors. Nature 453, 1043–1049 (2008). (10.1038/nature07129) / Nature by R Hanson (2008)
O'Brien, J. L., Furusawa, A. & Vuckovic, J. Photonic quantum technologies. Nature Photon. 3, 687–695 (2009). (10.1038/nphoton.2009.229) / Nature Photon. by JL O'Brien (2009)
Chakraborty, C., Kinnischtzke, L., Goodfellow, K. M., Beams, R. & Vamivakas, A. N. Voltage-controlled quantum light from an atomically thin semiconductor. Nature Nanotech. 10, 507–511 (2015). (10.1038/nnano.2015.79) / Nature Nanotech. by C Chakraborty (2015)
He, Y.-M. et al. Single quantum emitters in monolayer semiconductors. Nature Nanotech. 10, 497–502 (2015). (10.1038/nnano.2015.75) / Nature Nanotech. by Y-M He (2015)
Koperski, M. et al. Single photon emitters in exfoliated WSe2 structures. Nature Nanotech. 10, 503–506 (2015). (10.1038/nnano.2015.67) / Nature Nanotech. by M Koperski (2015)
Srivastava, A. et al. Optically active quantum dots in monolayer WSe2 . Nature Nanotech. 10, 491–496 (2015). (10.1038/nnano.2015.60) / Nature Nanotech. by A Srivastava (2015)
Aharonovich, I., Greentree, A. D. & Prawer, S. Diamond photonics. Nature Photon. 5, 397–405 (2011). (10.1038/nphoton.2011.54) / Nature Photon. by I Aharonovich (2011)
Deng, H., Haug, H. & Yamamoto, Y. Exciton–polariton Bose–Einstein condensation. Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1489–1537 (2010). (10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1489) / Rev. Mod. Phys. by H Deng (2010)
Cui, X. et al. Multi-terminal transport measurements of MoS2 using a van der Waals heterostructure device platform. Nature Nanotech. 10, 534–540 (2015). (10.1038/nnano.2015.70) / Nature Nanotech. by X Cui (2015)
Li, L. et al. Black phosphorus field-effect transistors. Nature Nanotech. 9, 372–377 (2014). (10.1038/nnano.2014.35) / Nature Nanotech. by L Li (2014)
Wang, X. et al. Highly anisotropic and robust excitons in monolayer black phosphorus. Nature Nanotech. 10, 517–521 (2015). (10.1038/nnano.2015.71) / Nature Nanotech. by X Wang (2015)
Hong, X. et al. Ultrafast charge transfer in atomically thin MoS2/WS2 heterostructures. Nature Nanotech. 9, 682–686 (2014). (10.1038/nnano.2014.167) / Nature Nanotech. by X Hong (2014)
Rivera, P. et al. Observation of long-lived interlayer excitons in monolayer MoSe2–WSe2 heterostructures. Nature Commun. 6, 6242 (2015). (10.1038/ncomms7242) / Nature Commun. by P Rivera (2015)
Malard, L. M., Alencar, T. V., Barboza, A. P. M., Mak, K. F. & de Paula, A. M. Observation of intense second harmonic generation from MoS2 atomic crystals. Phys. Rev. B 87, 201401 (2013). (10.1103/PhysRevB.87.201401) / Phys. Rev. B by LM Malard (2013)
Seyler, K. L. et al. Electrical control of second-harmonic generation in a WSe2 monolayer transistor. Nature Nanotech. 10, 407–411 (2015). (10.1038/nnano.2015.73) / Nature Nanotech. by KL Seyler (2015)
Li, Y. et al. Probing symmetry properties of few-layer MoS2 and h-BN by optical second-harmonic generation. Nano Lett. 13, 3329–3333 (2013). (10.1021/nl401561r) / Nano Lett. by Y Li (2013)
Kumar, N. et al. Second harmonic microscopy of monolayer MoS2 . Phys. Rev. B 87, 161403 (2013). (10.1103/PhysRevB.87.161403) / Phys. Rev. B by N Kumar (2013)

Dates

Type	When
Created	9 years, 4 months ago (March 31, 2016, 1:28 a.m.)
Deposited	2 years, 3 months ago (May 18, 2023, 8:16 p.m.)
Indexed	16 minutes ago (Aug. 21, 2025, 7:50 a.m.)
Issued	9 years, 4 months ago (March 31, 2016)
Published	9 years, 4 months ago (March 31, 2016)
Published Online	9 years, 4 months ago (March 31, 2016)
Published Print	9 years, 4 months ago (April 1, 2016)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Mak_2016, title={Photonics and optoelectronics of 2D semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides}, volume={10}, ISSN={1749-4893}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.282}, DOI={10.1038/nphoton.2015.282}, number={4}, journal={Nature Photonics}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Mak, Kin Fai and Shan, Jie}, year={2016}, month=mar, pages={216–226} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        21
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-21T11:50:38Z",
    "timestamp": 1755777038608
  },
  "reference-count": 123,
  "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  "issue": "4",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2016,
            3,
            31
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2016-03-31T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1459382400000
      },
      "content-version": "tdm",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "http://www.springer.com/tdm"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [
      "link.springer.com"
    ],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2016,
        4
      ]
    ]
  },
  "DOI": "10.1038/nphoton.2015.282",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2016,
        3,
        31
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2016-03-31T05:28:52Z",
    "timestamp": 1459402132000
  },
  "page": "216-226",
  "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 3273,
  "title": "Photonics and optoelectronics of 2D semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides",
  "prefix": "10.1038",
  "volume": "10",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Kin Fai",
      "family": "Mak",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Jie",
      "family": "Shan",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "297",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2016,
        3,
        31
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "10451",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.0502848102",
      "volume": "102",
      "author": "KS Novoselov",
      "year": "2005",
      "unstructured": "Novoselov, K. S. et al. Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 10451\u201310453 (2005).",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "699",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2012.193",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "QH Wang",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Wang, Q. H., Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Kis, A., Coleman, J. N. & Strano, M. S. Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Nature Nanotech. 7, 699\u2013712 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "109",
      "DOI": "10.1103/RevModPhys.81.109",
      "volume": "81",
      "author": "AH Castro Neto",
      "year": "2009",
      "unstructured": "Castro Neto, A. H., Guinea, F., Peres, N. M. R., Novoselov, K. S. & Geim, A. K. The electronic properties of graphene. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 109\u2013162 (2009).",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Mod. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1530",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1158877",
      "volume": "324",
      "author": "AK Geim",
      "year": "2009",
      "unstructured": "Geim, A. K. Graphene: status and prospects. Science 324, 1530\u20131534 (2009).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "196802",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.196802",
      "volume": "108",
      "author": "D Xiao",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Xiao, D., Liu, G.-B., Feng, W., Xu, X. & Yao, W. Coupled spin and valley physics in monolayers of MoS2 and other group-VI dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 196802 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR6",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "343",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys2942",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "X Xu",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Xu, X., Yao, W., Xiao, D. & Heinz, T. F. Spin and pseudospins in layered transition metal dichalcogenides. Nature Phys. 10, 343\u2013350 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1271",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl903868w",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "A Splendiani",
      "year": "2010",
      "unstructured": "Splendiani, A. et al. Emerging photoluminescence in monolayer MoS2 . Nano Lett. 10, 1271\u20131275 (2010).",
      "journal-title": "Nano Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "136805",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.136805",
      "volume": "105",
      "author": "KF Mak",
      "year": "2010",
      "unstructured": "Mak, K. F., Lee, C., Hone, J., Shan, J. & Heinz, T. F. Atomically thin MoS2: a new direct-gap semiconductor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 136805 (2010).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1341",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.ssc.2012.04.064",
      "volume": "152",
      "author": "KF Mak",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Mak, K. F., Ju, L., Wang, F. & Heinz, T. F. Optical spectroscopy of graphene: from the far infrared to the ultraviolet. Solid State Commun. 152, 1341\u20131349 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Solid State Commun."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "611",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphoton.2010.186",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "F Bonaccorso",
      "year": "2010",
      "unstructured": "Bonaccorso, F., Sun, Z., Hasan, T. & Ferrari, A. C. Graphene photonics and optoelectronics. Nature Photon. 4, 611\u2013622 (2010).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Photon."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR11",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "749",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphoton.2012.262",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "AN Grigorenko",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Grigorenko, A. N., Polini, M. & Novoselov, K. S. Graphene plasmonics. Nature Photon. 6, 749\u2013758 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Photon."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "899",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphoton.2014.271",
      "volume": "8",
      "author": "F Xia",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Xia, F., Wang, H., Xiao, D., Dubey, M. & Ramasubramaniam, A. Two-dimensional material nanophotonics. Nature Photon. 8, 899\u2013907 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Photon."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR13",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "419",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature12385",
      "volume": "499",
      "author": "AK Geim",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Geim, A. K. & Grigorieva, I. V. Van der Waals heterostructures. Nature 499, 419\u2013425 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2898",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nn400280c",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "SZ Butler",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Butler, S. Z. et al. Progress, challenges, and opportunities in two-dimensional materials beyond graphene. ACS Nano 7, 2898\u20132926 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "ACS Nano"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR15",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1959",
      "DOI": "10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1959",
      "volume": "82",
      "author": "D Xiao",
      "year": "2010",
      "unstructured": "Xiao, D., Chang, M.-C. & Niu, Q. Berry phase effects on electronic properties. Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1959\u20132007 (2010).",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Mod. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "780",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2014.215",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "FHL Koppens",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Koppens, F. H. L. et al. Photodetectors based on graphene, other two-dimensional materials and hybrid systems. Nature Nanotech. 9, 780\u2013793 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR17",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "085406",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.84.085406",
      "volume": "84",
      "author": "P Cudazzo",
      "year": "2011",
      "unstructured": "Cudazzo, P., Tokatly, I. V. & Rubio, A. Dielectric screening in two-dimensional insulators: implications for excitonic and impurity states in graphane. Phys. Rev. B 84, 085406 (2011).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "115409",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.86.115409",
      "volume": "86",
      "author": "A Ramasubramaniam",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Ramasubramaniam, A. Large excitonic effects in monolayers of molybdenum and tungsten dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B 86, 115409 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR19",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "241201",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.86.241201",
      "volume": "86",
      "author": "H-P Komsa",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Komsa, H.-P. & Krasheninnikov, A. V. Effects of confinement and environment on the electronic structure and exciton binding energy of MoS2 from first principles. Phys. Rev. B 86, 241201 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR20",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "045318",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.88.045318",
      "volume": "88",
      "author": "TC Berkelbach",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Berkelbach, T. C., Hybertsen, M. S. & Reichman, D. R. Theory of neutral and charged excitons in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B 88, 045318 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR21",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "216805",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.216805",
      "volume": "111",
      "author": "DY Qiu",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Qiu, D. Y., da Jornada, F. H. & Louie, S. G. Optical spectrum of MoS2: many-body effects and diversity of exciton states. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 216805 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR22",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "207",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat3505",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "KF Mak",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Mak, K. F. et al. Tightly bound trions in monolayer MoS2 . Nature Mater. 12, 207\u2013211 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Mater."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR23",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "076802",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.076802",
      "volume": "113",
      "author": "A Chernikov",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Chernikov, A. et al. Exciton binding energy and nonhydrogenic Rydberg series in monolayer WS2 . Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 076802 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "026803",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.026803",
      "volume": "113",
      "author": "K He",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "He, K. et al. Tightly bound excitons in monolayer WSe2 . Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 026803 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR25",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "214",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature13734",
      "volume": "513",
      "author": "Z Ye",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Ye, Z. et al. Probing excitonic dark states in single-layer tungsten disulphide. Nature 513, 214\u2013218 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "097403",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.097403",
      "volume": "114",
      "author": "G Wang",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Wang, G. et al. Giant enhancement of the optical second-harmonic emission of WSe2 monolayers by laser excitation at exciton resonances. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 097403 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR27",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "2337",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2337",
      "volume": "59",
      "author": "J Feldmann",
      "year": "1987",
      "unstructured": "Feldmann, J. et al. Linewidth dependence of radiative exciton lifetimes in quantum-wells. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2337\u20132340 (1987).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR28",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "DOI": "10.1007/978-1-4684-7278-3",
      "volume-title": "Optical Switching in Low-Dimensional Systems",
      "author": "H Haug",
      "year": "1989",
      "unstructured": "Haug, H. & Banyai, L. (eds) Optical Switching in Low-Dimensional Systems 206 (Plenum, 1989)."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR29",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "89",
      "DOI": "10.1080/00018738900101102",
      "volume": "38",
      "author": "S Schmittrink",
      "year": "1989",
      "unstructured": "Schmittrink, S., Chemla, D. S. & Miller, D. A. B. Linear and nonlinear optical properties of semiconductor quantum wells. Adv. Phys. 38, 89\u2013188 (1989).",
      "journal-title": "Adv. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR30",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "DOI": "10.1142/5394",
      "volume-title": "Quantum Theory of the Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconductors",
      "author": "H Haug",
      "year": "2004",
      "unstructured": "Haug, H. & Koch, S. W. Quantum Theory of the Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconductors (World Scientific, 2004)."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR31",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3719",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.8.3719",
      "volume": "8",
      "author": "LF Mattheis",
      "year": "1973",
      "unstructured": "Mattheis, L. F. Band structures of transition-metal-dichalcogenide layer compounds. Phys. Rev. B 8, 3719\u20133740 (1973).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR32",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "16192",
      "DOI": "10.1021/jp075424v",
      "volume": "111",
      "author": "T Li",
      "year": "2007",
      "unstructured": "Li, T. & Galli, G. Electronic properties of MoS2 nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 16192\u201316196 (2007).",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Chem. C"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "115409",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.79.115409",
      "volume": "79",
      "author": "S Lebegue",
      "year": "2009",
      "unstructured": "Lebegue, S. & Eriksson, O. Electronic structure of two-dimensional crystals from ab initio theory. Phys. Rev. B 79, 115409 (2009).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR34",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "205302",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.85.205302",
      "volume": "85",
      "author": "T Cheiwchanchamnangij",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Cheiwchanchamnangij, T. & Lambrecht, W. R. L. Quasiparticle band structure calculation of monolayer, bilayer, and bulk MoS2 . Phys. Rev. B 85, 205302 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR35",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "236809",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.236809",
      "volume": "99",
      "author": "D Xiao",
      "year": "2007",
      "unstructured": "Xiao, D., Yao, W. & Niu, Q. Valley-contrasting physics in graphene: magnetic moment and topological transport. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 236809 (2007).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR36",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "085433",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.88.085433",
      "volume": "88",
      "author": "G-B Liu",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Liu, G.-B., Shan, W.-Y., Yao, Y., Yao, W. & Xiao, D. Three-band tight-binding model for monolayers of group-VIB transition metal dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. B 88, 085433 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR37",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "141",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys3203",
      "volume": "11",
      "author": "A Srivastava",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Srivastava, A. et al. Valley Zeeman effect in elementary optical excitations of monolayer WSe2 . Nature Phys. 11, 141\u2013147 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR38",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "037401",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.037401",
      "volume": "114",
      "author": "D MacNeill",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "MacNeill, D. et al. Breaking of valley degeneracy by magnetic field in monolayer MoSe2 . Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 037401 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR39",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "266804",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.266804",
      "volume": "113",
      "author": "Y Li",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Li, Y. et al. Valley splitting and polarization by the Zeeman effect in monolayer MoSe2 . Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 266804 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR40",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "148",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys3201",
      "volume": "11",
      "author": "G Aivazian",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Aivazian, G. et al. Magnetic control of valley pseudospin in monolayer WSe2 . Nature Phys. 11, 148\u2013152 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR41",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "887",
      "DOI": "10.1038/ncomms1882",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "T Cao",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Cao, T. et al. Valley-selective circular dichroism of monolayer molybdenum disulphide. Nature Commun. 3, 887 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Commun."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR42",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "494",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2012.96",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "KF Mak",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Mak, K. F., He, K., Shan, J. & Heinz, T. F. Control of valley polarization in monolayer MoS2 by optical helicity. Nature Nanotech. 7, 494\u2013498 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR43",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "490",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2012.95",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "H Zeng",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Zeng, H., Dai, J., Yao, W., Xiao, D. & Cui, X. Valley polarization in MoS2 monolayers by optical pumping. Nature Nanotech. 7, 490\u2013493 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR44",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "081301",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.86.081301",
      "volume": "86",
      "author": "G Sallen",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Sallen, G. et al. Robust optical emission polarization in MoS2 monolayers through selective valley excitation. Phys. Rev. B 86, 081301 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR45",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "634",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2013.151",
      "volume": "8",
      "author": "AM Jones",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Jones, A. M. et al. Optical generation of excitonic valley coherence in monolayer WSe2 . Nature Nanotech. 8, 634\u2013638 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR46",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1489",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1250140",
      "volume": "344",
      "author": "KF Mak",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Mak, K. F., McGill, K. L., Park, J. & McEuen, P. L. The valley Hall effect in MoS2 transistors. Science 344, 1489\u20131492 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR47",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "448",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1254966",
      "volume": "346",
      "author": "RV Gorbachev",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Gorbachev, R. V. et al. Detecting topological currents in graphene superlattices. Science 346, 448\u2013451 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR48",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "256601",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.256601",
      "volume": "114",
      "author": "YD Lensky",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Lensky, Y. D., Song, J. C. W., Samutpraphoot, P. & Levitov, L. S. Topological valley currents in gapped Dirac materials. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 256601 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR49",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1091",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat4061",
      "volume": "13",
      "author": "MM Ugeda",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Ugeda, M. M. et al. Giant bandgap renormalization and excitonic effects in a monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductor. Nature Mater. 13, 1091\u20131095 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Mater."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR50",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2443",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl501133c",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "C Zhang",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Zhang, C., Johnson, A., Hsu, C.-L., Li, L.-J. & Shih, C.-K. Direct imaging of band profile in single layer MoS2 on graphite: quasiparticle energy gap, metallic edge states, and edge band bending. Nano Lett. 14, 2443\u20132447 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nano Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR51",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1474",
      "DOI": "10.1038/ncomms2498",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "JS Ross",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Ross, J. S. et al. Electrical control of neutral and charged excitons in a monolayer semiconductor. Nature Commun. 4, 1474 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Commun."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR52",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "647",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nn5059908",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "J Shang",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Shang, J. et al. Observation of excitonic fine structure in a 2D transition-metal dichalcogenide semiconductor. ACS Nano 9, 647\u2013655 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "ACS Nano"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR53",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "477",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys3324",
      "volume": "11",
      "author": "Y You",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "You, Y. et al. Observation of biexcitons in monolayer WSe2 . Nature Phys. 11, 477\u2013481 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR54",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "837",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1064847",
      "volume": "294",
      "author": "D Sanvitto",
      "year": "2001",
      "unstructured": "Sanvitto, D. et al. Observation of charge transport by negatively charged excitons. Science 294, 837\u2013839 (2001).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR55",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4555",
      "DOI": "10.1038/ncomms5555",
      "volume": "5",
      "author": "MM Fogler",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Fogler, M. M., Butov, L. V. & Novoselov, K. S. High-temperature superfluidity with indirect excitons in van der Waals heterostructures. Nature Commun. 5, 4555 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Commun."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR56",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "301",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat4205",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "F Withers",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Withers, F. et al. Light-emitting diodes by band-structure engineering in van der Waals heterostructures. Nature Mater. 14, 301\u2013306 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Mater."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR57",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "268",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2014.26",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "JS Ross",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Ross, J. S. et al. Electrically tunable excitonic light-emitting diodes based on monolayer WSe2 p\u2013n junctions. Nature Nanotech. 9, 268\u2013272 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR58",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "323",
      "DOI": "10.1103/RevModPhys.76.323",
      "volume": "76",
      "author": "I Zutic",
      "year": "2004",
      "unstructured": "Zutic, I., Fabian, J. & Das Sarma, S. Spintronics: fundamentals and applications. Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 323\u2013410 (2004).",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Mod. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR59",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3695",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl301485q",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "HS Lee",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Lee, H. S. et al. MoS2 nanosheet phototransistors with thickness-modulated optical energy gap. Nano Lett. 12, 3695\u20133700 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Nano Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR60",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1311",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1235547",
      "volume": "340",
      "author": "L Britnell",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Britnell, L. et al. Strong light\u2013matter interactions in heterostructures of atomically thin films. Science 340, 1311\u20131314 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR61",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "497",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2013.100",
      "volume": "8",
      "author": "O Lopez-Sanchez",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Lopez-Sanchez, O., Lembke, D., Kayci, M., Radenovic, A. & Kis, A. Ultrasensitive photodetectors based on monolayer MoS2 . Nature Nanotech. 8, 497\u2013501 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR62",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3905",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nn305301b",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "D-S Tsai",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Tsai, D.-S. et al. Few-layer MoS2 with high broadband photogain and fast optical switching for use in harsh environments. ACS Nano 7, 3905\u20133911 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "ACS Nano"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR63",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1634",
      "DOI": "10.1038/srep01634",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "M Fontana",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Fontana, M. et al. Electron\u2013hole transport and photovoltaic effect in gated MoS2 Schottky junctions. Sci. Rep. 3, 1634 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Sci. Rep."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR64",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1416",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl400516a",
      "volume": "13",
      "author": "RS Sundaram",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Sundaram, R. S. et al. Electroluminescence in single layer MoS2 . Nano Lett. 13, 1416\u20131421 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Nano Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR65",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5590",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl502075n",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "R Cheng",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Cheng, R. et al. Electroluminescence and photocurrent generation from atomically sharp WSe2/MoS2 heterojunction p\u2013n diodes. Nano Lett. 14, 5590\u20135597 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nano Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR66",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "676",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2014.150",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "C-H Lee",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Lee, C.-H. et al. Atomically thin p\u2013n junctions with van der Waals heterointerfaces. Nature Nanotech. 9, 676\u2013681 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR67",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "262",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2014.25",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "BWH Baugher",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Baugher, B. W. H., Churchill, H. O. H., Yang, Y. & Jarillo-Herrero, P. Optoelectronic devices based on electrically tunable p\u2013n diodes in a monolayer dichalcogenide. Nature Nanotech. 9, 262\u2013267 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR68",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1024",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2014.222",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "X Duan",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Duan, X. et al. Lateral epitaxial growth of two-dimensional layered semiconductor heterojunctions. Nature Nanotech. 9, 1024\u20131030 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR69",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "257",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2014.14",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "A Pospischil",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Pospischil, A., Furchi, M. M. & Mueller, T. Solar-energy conversion and light emission in an atomic monolayer p\u2013n diode. Nature Nanotech. 9, 257\u2013261 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR70",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "42",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2015.227",
      "volume": "11",
      "author": "M Massicotte",
      "year": "2016",
      "unstructured": "Massicotte, M. et al. Picosecond photoresponse in van der Waals heterostructures. Nature Nanotech. 11, 42\u201346 (2016).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR71",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "952",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2013.219",
      "volume": "8",
      "author": "WJ Yu",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Yu, W. J. et al. Highly efficient gate-tunable photocurrent generation in vertical heterostructures of layered materials. Nature Nanotech. 8, 952\u2013958 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR72",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4785",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl501962c",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "MM Furchi",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Furchi, M. M., Pospischil, A., Libisch, F., Burgd\u00f6rfer, J. & Mueller, T. Photovoltaic effect in an electrically tunable van der Waals heterojunction. Nano Lett. 14, 4785\u20134791 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nano Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR73",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "839",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2009.292",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "F Xia",
      "year": "2009",
      "unstructured": "Xia, F., Mueller, T., Lin, Y.-m., Valdes-Garcia, A. & Avouris, P. Ultrafast graphene photodetector. Nature Nanotech. 4, 839\u2013843 (2009).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR74",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "562",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl903451y",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "X Xu",
      "year": "2010",
      "unstructured": "Xu, X., Gabor, N. M., Alden, J. S., van der Zande, A. M. & McEuen, P. L. Photo-thermoelectric effect at a graphene interface junction. Nano Lett. 10, 562\u2013566 (2010).",
      "journal-title": "Nano Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR75",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "648",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1211384",
      "volume": "334",
      "author": "NM Gabor",
      "year": "2011",
      "unstructured": "Gabor, N. M. et al. Hot carrier-assisted intrinsic photoresponse in graphene. Science 334, 648\u2013652 (2011).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR76",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "472",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2012.88",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "J Yan",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Yan, J. et al. Dual-gated bilayer graphene hot-electron bolometer. Nature Nanotech. 7, 472\u2013478 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR77",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "53",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphoton.2012.314",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "M Freitag",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Freitag, M., Low, T., Xia, F. & Avouris, P. Photoconductivity of biased graphene. Nature Photon. 7, 53\u201359 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Photon."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR78",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "883",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphoton.2013.253",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "X Gan",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Gan, X. et al. Chip-integrated ultrafast graphene photodetector with high responsivity. Nature Photon. 7, 883\u2013887 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Photon."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR79",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "892",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphoton.2013.240",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "A Pospischil",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Pospischil, A. et al. CMOS-compatible graphene photodetector covering all optical communication bands. Nature Photon. 7, 892\u2013896 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Photon."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR80",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "888",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphoton.2013.241",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "X Wang",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Wang, X., Cheng, Z., Xu, K., Tsang, H. K. & Xu, J.-B. High-responsivity graphene/silicon-heterostructure waveguide photodetectors. Nature Photon. 7, 888\u2013891 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Photon."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR81",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "102109",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3636402",
      "volume": "99",
      "author": "T Korn",
      "year": "2011",
      "unstructured": "Korn, T., Heydrich, S., Hirmer, M., Schmutzler, J. & Sch\u00fcller, C. Low-temperature photocarrier dynamics in monolayer MoS2 . Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 102109 (2011).",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR82",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "045406",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.86.045406",
      "volume": "86",
      "author": "R Wang",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Wang, R. et al. Ultrafast and spatially resolved studies of charge carriers in atomically thin molybdenum disulfide. Phys. Rev. B 86, 045406 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR83",
      "volume-title": "Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology",
      "author": "SM Sze",
      "year": "2002",
      "unstructured": "Sze, S. M. Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology (Wiley, 2002)."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR84",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1417",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1394717",
      "volume": "79",
      "author": "O Katz",
      "year": "2001",
      "unstructured": "Katz, O., Garber, V., Meyler, B., Bahir, G. & Salzman, J. Gain mechanism in GaN Schottky ultraviolet detectors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 1417\u20131419 (2001).",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR85",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "6165",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl502339q",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "MM Furchi",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Furchi, M. M., Polyushkin, D. K., Pospischil, A. & Mueller, T. Mechanisms of photoconductivity in atomically thin MoS2 . Nano Lett. 14, 6165\u20136170 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nano Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR86",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "676",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2015.118",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "YD Kim",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Kim, Y. D. et al. Bright visible light emission from graphene. Nature Nanotech. 10, 676\u2013681 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR87",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "725",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1251329",
      "volume": "344",
      "author": "YJ Zhang",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Zhang, Y. J., Oka, T., Suzuki, R., Ye, J. T. & Iwasa, Y. Electrically switchable chiral light-emitting transistor. Science 344, 725\u2013728 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR88",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "851",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2014.183",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "H Yuan",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Yuan, H. et al. Generation and electric control of spin\u2013valley-coupled circular photogalvanic current in WSe2 . Nature Nanotech. 9, 851\u2013857 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR89",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "181119",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.4826679",
      "volume": "103",
      "author": "X Gan",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Gan, X. et al. Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of monolayer MoS2 in a photonic crystal nanocavity. Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 181119 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR90",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "011001",
      "DOI": "10.1088/2053-1583/1/1/011001",
      "volume": "1",
      "author": "S Wu",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Wu, S. et al. Control of two-dimensional excitonic light emission via photonic crystal. 2D Mater. 1, 011001 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "2D Mater."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR91",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "69",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature14290",
      "volume": "520",
      "author": "S Wu",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Wu, S. et al. Monolayer semiconductor nanocavity lasers with ultralow thresholds. Nature 520, 69\u201372 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR92",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "733",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphoton.2015.197",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "Y Ye",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Ye, Y. et al. Monolayer excitonic laser. Nature Photon. 9, 733\u2013737 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Photon."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR93",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "30",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphoton.2014.304",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "X Liu",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Liu, X. et al. Strong light\u2013matter coupling in two-dimensional atomic crystals. Nature Photon. 9, 30\u201334 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Photon."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR94",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "8579",
      "DOI": "10.1038/ncomms9579",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "S Dufferwiel",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Dufferwiel, S. et al. Exciton\u2013polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures embedded in tunable microcavities. Nature Commun. 6, 8579 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Commun."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR95",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1296",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1110417",
      "volume": "308",
      "author": "M Fujita",
      "year": "2005",
      "unstructured": "Fujita, M., Takahashi, S., Tanaka, Y., Asano, T. & Noda, S. Simultaneous inhibition and redistribution of spontaneous light emission in photonic crystals. Science 308, 1296\u20131298 (2005).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR96",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "681",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRev.69.37",
      "volume": "69",
      "author": "EM Purcell",
      "year": "1946",
      "unstructured": "Purcell, E. M. Spontaneous emission probabilities at radio frequencies. Phys. Rev. 69, 681 (1946).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR97",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "013904",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.013904",
      "volume": "95",
      "author": "D Englund",
      "year": "2005",
      "unstructured": "Englund, D. et al. Controlling the spontaneous emission rate of single quantum dots in a two-dimensional photonic crystal. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 013904 (2005).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR98",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3314",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.69.3314",
      "volume": "69",
      "author": "C Weisbuch",
      "year": "1992",
      "unstructured": "Weisbuch, C., Nishioka, M., Ishikawa, A. & Arakawa, Y. Observation of the coupled exciton-photon mode splitting in a semiconductor quantum microcavity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 3314\u20133317 (1992).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR99",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "13276",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.60.13276",
      "volume": "60",
      "author": "LC Andreani",
      "year": "1999",
      "unstructured": "Andreani, L. C., Panzarini, G. & Gerard, J. M. Strong-coupling regime for quantum boxes in pillar microcavities: theory. Phys. Rev. B 60, 13276\u201313279 (1999).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR100",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "197",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature02969",
      "volume": "432",
      "author": "JP Reithmaier",
      "year": "2004",
      "unstructured": "Reithmaier, J. P. et al. Strong coupling in a single quantum dot\u2013semiconductor microcavity system. Nature 432, 197\u2013200 (2004).",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR101",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "200",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature03119",
      "volume": "432",
      "author": "T Yoshie",
      "year": "2004",
      "unstructured": "Yoshie, T. et al. Vacuum Rabi splitting with a single quantum dot in a photonic crystal nanocavity. Nature 432, 200\u2013203 (2004).",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR102",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "66",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.256.5053.66",
      "volume": "256",
      "author": "H Yokoyama",
      "year": "1992",
      "unstructured": "Yokoyama, H. Physics and device applications of optical microcavities. Science 256, 66\u201370 (1992).",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR103",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "204",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature10840",
      "volume": "482",
      "author": "M Khajavikhan",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Khajavikhan, M. et al. Thresholdless nanoscale coaxial lasers. Nature 482, 204\u2013207 (2012).",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR104",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4801",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.343793",
      "volume": "66",
      "author": "H Yokoyama",
      "year": "1989",
      "unstructured": "Yokoyama, H. & Brorson, S. D. Rate-equation analysis of microcavity lasers. J. Appl. Phys. 66, 4801\u20134805 (1989).",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR105",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5302",
      "DOI": "10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01665",
      "volume": "15",
      "author": "O Salehzadeh",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Salehzadeh, O., Djavid, M., Tran, N. H., Shih, I. & Mi, Z. Optically pumped two-dimensional MoS2 lasers operating at room-temperature. Nano Lett. 15, 5302\u20135306 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nano Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR106",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "466",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphoton.2015.104",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "A Chernikov",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Chernikov, A., Ruppert, C., Hill, H. M., Rigosi, A. F. & Heinz, T. F. Population inversion and giant bandgap renormalization in atomically thin WS2 layers. Nature Photon. 9, 466\u2013470 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Photon."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR107",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1043",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature07129",
      "volume": "453",
      "author": "R Hanson",
      "year": "2008",
      "unstructured": "Hanson, R. & Awschalom, D. D. Coherent manipulation of single spins in semiconductors. Nature 453, 1043\u20131049 (2008).",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR108",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "687",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphoton.2009.229",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "JL O'Brien",
      "year": "2009",
      "unstructured": "O'Brien, J. L., Furusawa, A. & Vuckovic, J. Photonic quantum technologies. Nature Photon. 3, 687\u2013695 (2009).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Photon."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR109",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "507",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2015.79",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "C Chakraborty",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Chakraborty, C., Kinnischtzke, L., Goodfellow, K. M., Beams, R. & Vamivakas, A. N. Voltage-controlled quantum light from an atomically thin semiconductor. Nature Nanotech. 10, 507\u2013511 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR110",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "497",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2015.75",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "Y-M He",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "He, Y.-M. et al. Single quantum emitters in monolayer semiconductors. Nature Nanotech. 10, 497\u2013502 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR111",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "503",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2015.67",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "M Koperski",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Koperski, M. et al. Single photon emitters in exfoliated WSe2 structures. Nature Nanotech. 10, 503\u2013506 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR112",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "491",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2015.60",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "A Srivastava",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Srivastava, A. et al. Optically active quantum dots in monolayer WSe2 . Nature Nanotech. 10, 491\u2013496 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR113",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "397",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphoton.2011.54",
      "volume": "5",
      "author": "I Aharonovich",
      "year": "2011",
      "unstructured": "Aharonovich, I., Greentree, A. D. & Prawer, S. Diamond photonics. Nature Photon. 5, 397\u2013405 (2011).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Photon."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR114",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1489",
      "DOI": "10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1489",
      "volume": "82",
      "author": "H Deng",
      "year": "2010",
      "unstructured": "Deng, H., Haug, H. & Yamamoto, Y. Exciton\u2013polariton Bose\u2013Einstein condensation. Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 1489\u20131537 (2010).",
      "journal-title": "Rev. Mod. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR115",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "534",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2015.70",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "X Cui",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Cui, X. et al. Multi-terminal transport measurements of MoS2 using a van der Waals heterostructure device platform. Nature Nanotech. 10, 534\u2013540 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR116",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "372",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2014.35",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "L Li",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Li, L. et al. Black phosphorus field-effect transistors. Nature Nanotech. 9, 372\u2013377 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR117",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "517",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2015.71",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "X Wang",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Wang, X. et al. Highly anisotropic and robust excitons in monolayer black phosphorus. Nature Nanotech. 10, 517\u2013521 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR118",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "682",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2014.167",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "X Hong",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Hong, X. et al. Ultrafast charge transfer in atomically thin MoS2/WS2 heterostructures. Nature Nanotech. 9, 682\u2013686 (2014).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR119",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "6242",
      "DOI": "10.1038/ncomms7242",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "P Rivera",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Rivera, P. et al. Observation of long-lived interlayer excitons in monolayer MoSe2\u2013WSe2 heterostructures. Nature Commun. 6, 6242 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Commun."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR120",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "201401",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.87.201401",
      "volume": "87",
      "author": "LM Malard",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Malard, L. M., Alencar, T. V., Barboza, A. P. M., Mak, K. F. & de Paula, A. M. Observation of intense second harmonic generation from MoS2 atomic crystals. Phys. Rev. B 87, 201401 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR121",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "407",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2015.73",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "KL Seyler",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Seyler, K. L. et al. Electrical control of second-harmonic generation in a WSe2 monolayer transistor. Nature Nanotech. 10, 407\u2013411 (2015).",
      "journal-title": "Nature Nanotech."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR122",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3329",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl401561r",
      "volume": "13",
      "author": "Y Li",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Li, Y. et al. Probing symmetry properties of few-layer MoS2 and h-BN by optical second-harmonic generation. Nano Lett. 13, 3329\u20133333 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Nano Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnphoton2015282_CR123",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "161403",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.87.161403",
      "volume": "87",
      "author": "N Kumar",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Kumar, N. et al. Second harmonic microscopy of monolayer MoS2 . Phys. Rev. B 87, 161403 (2013).",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Nature Photonics",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "http://www.nature.com/articles/nphoton.2015.282.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "http://www.nature.com/articles/nphoton.2015.282",
      "content-type": "text/html",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "http://www.nature.com/articles/nphoton.2015.282.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        5,
        19
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-05-19T00:16:46Z",
    "timestamp": 1684455406000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nphoton.2015.282"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2016,
        3,
        31
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 123,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "4",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2016,
          4
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "BFnphoton2015282"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.282",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "1749-4885",
    "1749-4893"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Nature Photon",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2016,
        3,
        31
      ]
    ]
  },
  "assertion": [
    {
      "value": "13 October 2015",
      "order": 1,
      "name": "received",
      "label": "Received",
      "group": {
        "name": "ArticleHistory",
        "label": "Article History"
      }
    },
    {
      "value": "28 December 2015",
      "order": 2,
      "name": "accepted",
      "label": "Accepted",
      "group": {
        "name": "ArticleHistory",
        "label": "Article History"
      }
    },
    {
      "value": "31 March 2016",
      "order": 3,
      "name": "first_online",
      "label": "First Online",
      "group": {
        "name": "ArticleHistory",
        "label": "Article History"
      }
    },
    {
      "value": "The authors declare no competing financial interests.",
      "order": 1,
      "name": "Ethics",
      "group": {
        "name": "EthicsHeading",
        "label": "Competing interests"
      }
    }
  ]
}