DOI: 10.1038/nature22060. Discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetism in two-dimensional van der Waals crystals

Discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetism in two-dimensional van der Waals crystals

10.1038/nature22060

Crossref journal-article

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Nature (297)

Bibliography

Gong, C., Li, L., Li, Z., Ji, H., Stern, A., Xia, Y., Cao, T., Bao, W., Wang, C., Wang, Y., Qiu, Z. Q., Cava, R. J., Louie, S. G., Xia, J., & Zhang, X. (2017). Discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetism in two-dimensional van der Waals crystals. Nature, 546(7657), 265â269.

Authors 15

Cheng Gong (first)
Lin Li (additional)
Zhenglu Li (additional)
Huiwen Ji (additional)
Alex Stern (additional)
Yang Xia (additional)
Ting Cao (additional)
Wei Bao (additional)
Chenzhe Wang (additional)
Yuan Wang (additional)
Z. Q. Qiu (additional)
R. J. Cava (additional)
Steven G. Louie (additional)
Jing Xia (additional)
Xiang Zhang (additional)

References 37 Referenced 4,207

Han, W., Kawakami, R. K., Gmitra, M. & Fabian, J. Graphene spintronics. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 794–807 (2014) (10.1038/nnano.2014.214) / Nat. Nanotechnol. by W Han (2014)
Ohno, H. et al. Electric-field control of ferromagnetism. Nature 408, 944–946 (2000) (10.1038/35050040) / Nature by H Ohno (2000)
Chang, C.-Z. et al. Experimental observation of the quantum anomalous Hall effect in a magnetic topological insulator. Science 340, 167–170 (2013) (10.1126/science.1234414) / Science by C-Z Chang (2013)
Wang, Z., Tang, C., Sachs, R., Barlas, Y. & Shi, J. Proximity-induced ferromagnetism in graphene revealed by the anomalous Hall effect. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 016603 (2015) (10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.016603) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Z Wang (2015)
Mermin, N. D . & Wagner, H. Absence of ferromagnetism or antiferromagnetism in one- or two-dimensional isotropic Heisenberg models. Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 1133–1136 (1966) (10.1103/PhysRevLett.17.1133) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by ND Mermin (1966)
Gonzalez-Herrero, H. et al. Atomic-scale control of graphene magnetism by using hydrogen atoms. Science 352, 437–441 (2016) (10.1126/science.aad8038) / Science by H Gonzalez-Herrero (2016)
Nair, R. R. et al. Spin-half paramagnetism in graphene induced by point defects. Nat. Phys. 8, 199–202 (2012) (10.1038/nphys2183) / Nat. Phys. by RR Nair (2012)
McCreary, K. M., Swartz, A. G., Han, W., Fabian, J. & Kawakami, R. K. Magnetic moment formation in graphene detected by scattering of pure spin currents. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 186604 (2012) (10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.186604) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by KM McCreary (2012)
Červenka, J., Katsnelson, M. I. & Flipse, C. F. J. Room-temperature ferromagnetism in graphite driven by two-dimensional networks of point defects. Nat. Phys. 5, 840–844 (2009) (10.1038/nphys1399) / Nat. Phys. by J Červenka (2009)
Uchoa, B., Kotov, V. N., Peres, N. M. R. & Neto, A. H. C. Localized magnetic states in graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 026805 (2008) (10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.026805) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by B Uchoa (2008)
Geim, A. K. & Novoselov, K. S. The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6, 183–191 (2007) (10.1038/nmat1849) / Nat. Mater. by AK Geim (2007)
Mak, K. F., McGill, K. L., Park, J. & McEuen, P. L. The valley Hall effect in MoS2 transistors. Science 344, 1489–1492 (2014) (10.1126/science.1250140) / Science by KF Mak (2014)
Xia, F., Mueller, T., Lin, Y.-M., Valdes-Garcia, A. & Avouris, P. Ultrafast graphene photodetector. Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 839–843 (2009) (10.1038/nnano.2009.292) / Nat. Nanotechnol. by F Xia (2009)
Kou, X. et al. Scale-invariant quantum anomalous Hall effect in magnetic topological insulators beyond the two-dimensional limit. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 137201 (2014) (10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.137201) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by X Kou (2014)
Jung, J., Pereg-Barnea, T. & MacDonald, A. H. Theory of interedge superexchange in zigzag edge magnetism. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 227205 (2009) (10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.227205) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by J Jung (2009)
Son, Y. W., Cohen, M. L. & Louie, S. G. Half-metallic graphene nanoribbons. Nature 444, 347–349 (2006) (10.1038/nature05180) / Nature by YW Son (2006)
Dresselhaus, M. S. Intercalation in Layered Materials (Plenum Press, 1986) (10.1007/978-1-4757-5556-5)
Castro, E. V., Peres, N. M. R., Stauber, T. & Silva, N. A. P. Low-density ferromagnetism in biased bilayer graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 186803 (2008) (10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.186803) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by EV Castro (2008)
Cao, T., Li, Z. & Louie, S. G. Tunable magnetism and half-metallicity in hole-doped monolayer GaSe. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 236602 (2015) (10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.236602) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by T Cao (2015)
Carteaux, V., Brunet, D., Ouvrard, G. & Andre, G. Crystallographic, magnetic and electronic structures of a new layered ferromagnetic compound Cr2Ge2Te6 . J. Phys. Condens. Matter 7, 69–87 (1995) (10.1088/0953-8984/7/1/008) / J. Phys. Condens. Matter by V Carteaux (1995)
Ji, H. et al. A ferromagnetic insulating substrate for the epitaxial growth of topological insulators. J. Appl. Phys. 114, 114907 (2013) (10.1063/1.4822092) / J. Appl. Phys. by H Ji (2013)
Xia, J., Beyersdorf, P. T., Fejer, M. M. & Kapitulnik, A. Modified Sagnac interferometer for high-sensitivity magneto-optic measurements at cryogenic temperatures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 062508 (2006) (10.1063/1.2336620) / Appl. Phys. Lett. by J Xia (2006)
Li, Y. & Baberschke, K. Dimensional crossover in ultrathin Ni(111) films on W(110). Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1208–1211 (1992) (10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.1208) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by Y Li (1992)
Zhang, R. & Willis, R. F. Thickness-dependent Curie temperatures of ultrathin magnetic films: effect of the range of spin-spin interactions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2665–2668 (2001) (10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.2665) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by R Zhang (2001)
Bloch, M. Magnon renormalization in ferromagnets near the Curie point. Phys. Rev. Lett. 9, 286–287 (1962) (10.1103/PhysRevLett.9.286) / Phys. Rev. Lett. by M Bloch (1962)
Giannozzi, P. et al. QUANTUM ESPRESSO: a modular and open-source software project for quantum simulations of materials. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21, 395502 (2009) (10.1088/0953-8984/21/39/395502) / J. Phys. Condens. Matter by P Giannozzi (2009)
Hirakawa, K. Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in two-dimensional planar ferromagnet K2CuF4 . J. Appl. Phys. 53, 1893–1898 (1982) (10.1063/1.330706) / J. Appl. Phys. by K Hirakawa (1982)
Weber, M. J. Handbook of Optical Materials section 1.6.3 (CRC Press, 2003)
Kaplan, B. & Gehring, G. A. The domain structure in ultrathin magnetic films. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 128, 111–116 (1993) (10.1016/0304-8853(93)90863-W) / J. Magn. Magn. Mater. by B Kaplan (1993)
Alegria, L. D. et al. Large anomalous Hall effect in ferromagnetic insulator-topological insulator heterostructures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 053512 (2014) (10.1063/1.4892353) / Appl. Phys. Lett. by LD Alegria (2014)
Yu, Y. et al. Gate-tunable phase transitions in thin flakes of 1T-TaS2 . Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 270–276 (2015) (10.1038/nnano.2014.323) / Nat. Nanotechnol. by Y Yu (2015)
Kuo, C.-T. et al. Exfoliation and Raman spectroscopic fingerprint of few-layer NiPS3 van der Waals crystals. Sci. Rep. 6, 20904 (2016) (10.1038/srep20904) / Sci. Rep. by C-T Kuo (2016)
Li, L. et al. Direct observation of the layer-dependent electronic structure in phosphorene. Nat. Nanotechnol. 12, 21–25 (2017) (10.1038/nnano.2016.171) / Nat. Nanotechnol. by L Li (2017)
Cococcioni, M. & de Gironcoli, S. Linear response approach to the calculation of the effective interaction parameters in the LDA+U method. Phys. Rev. B 71, 035105 (2005) (10.1103/PhysRevB.71.035105) / Phys. Rev. B by M Cococcioni (2005)
Xiang, H., Lee, C., Kooc, H.-J., Gong, X. & Whangbo, M.-H. Magnetic properties and energy-mapping analysis. Dalton Trans. 42, 823–853 (2013) (10.1039/C2DT31662E) / Dalton Trans. by H Xiang (2013)
Holstein, T. & Primakoff, H. Field dependence of the intrinsic domain magnetization of a ferromagnet. Phys. Rev. 58, 1098–1113 (1940) (10.1103/PhysRev.58.1098) / Phys. Rev. by T Holstein (1940)
Corciovei, A. Spin-wave theory of ferromagnetic thin films. Phys. Rev. 130, 2223–2229 (1963) (10.1103/PhysRev.130.2223) / Phys. Rev. by A Corciovei (1963)

Dates

Type	When
Created	8 years, 3 months ago (April 25, 2017, 11:05 a.m.)
Deposited	2 years, 3 months ago (May 18, 2023, 2:01 p.m.)
Indexed	1 minute ago (Aug. 21, 2025, 3:18 a.m.)
Issued	8 years, 3 months ago (April 26, 2017)
Published	8 years, 3 months ago (April 26, 2017)
Published Online	8 years, 3 months ago (April 26, 2017)
Published Print	8 years, 2 months ago (June 8, 2017)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Gong_2017, title={Discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetism in two-dimensional van der Waals crystals}, volume={546}, ISSN={1476-4687}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature22060}, DOI={10.1038/nature22060}, number={7657}, journal={Nature}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Gong, Cheng and Li, Lin and Li, Zhenglu and Ji, Huiwen and Stern, Alex and Xia, Yang and Cao, Ting and Bao, Wei and Wang, Chenzhe and Wang, Yuan and Qiu, Z. Q. and Cava, R. J. and Louie, Steven G. and Xia, Jing and Zhang, Xiang}, year={2017}, month=apr, pages={265–269} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        21
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-21T07:18:01Z",
    "timestamp": 1755760681986
  },
  "reference-count": 37,
  "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  "issue": "7657",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2017,
            4,
            26
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2017-04-26T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1493164800000
      },
      "content-version": "tdm",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "http://www.springer.com/tdm"
    },
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2017,
            4,
            26
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2017-04-26T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1493164800000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "http://www.springer.com/tdm"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [
      "link.springer.com"
    ],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2017,
        6,
        8
      ]
    ]
  },
  "DOI": "10.1038/nature22060",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2017,
        4,
        25
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2017-04-25T15:05:49Z",
    "timestamp": 1493132749000
  },
  "page": "265-269",
  "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 4207,
  "title": "Discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetism in two-dimensional van der Waals crystals",
  "prefix": "10.1038",
  "volume": "546",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Cheng",
      "family": "Gong",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Lin",
      "family": "Li",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Zhenglu",
      "family": "Li",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Huiwen",
      "family": "Ji",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Alex",
      "family": "Stern",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Yang",
      "family": "Xia",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Ting",
      "family": "Cao",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Wei",
      "family": "Bao",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Chenzhe",
      "family": "Wang",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Yuan",
      "family": "Wang",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Z. Q.",
      "family": "Qiu",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "R. J.",
      "family": "Cava",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Steven G.",
      "family": "Louie",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Jing",
      "family": "Xia",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Xiang",
      "family": "Zhang",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "297",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2017,
        4,
        26
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "794",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2014.214",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "W Han",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Han, W., Kawakami, R. K., Gmitra, M. & Fabian, J. Graphene spintronics. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 794\u2013807 (2014)",
      "journal-title": "Nat. Nanotechnol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "944",
      "DOI": "10.1038/35050040",
      "volume": "408",
      "author": "H Ohno",
      "year": "2000",
      "unstructured": "Ohno, H. et al. Electric-field control of ferromagnetism. Nature 408, 944\u2013946 (2000)",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "167",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1234414",
      "volume": "340",
      "author": "C-Z Chang",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Chang, C.-Z. et al. Experimental observation of the quantum anomalous Hall effect in a magnetic topological insulator. Science 340, 167\u2013170 (2013)",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "016603",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.016603",
      "volume": "114",
      "author": "Z Wang",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Wang, Z., Tang, C., Sachs, R., Barlas, Y. & Shi, J. Proximity-induced ferromagnetism in graphene revealed by the anomalous Hall effect. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 016603 (2015)",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1133",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.17.1133",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "ND Mermin",
      "year": "1966",
      "unstructured": "Mermin, N. D . & Wagner, H. Absence of ferromagnetism or antiferromagnetism in one- or two-dimensional isotropic Heisenberg models. Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 1133\u20131136 (1966)",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR6",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "437",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.aad8038",
      "volume": "352",
      "author": "H Gonzalez-Herrero",
      "year": "2016",
      "unstructured": "Gonzalez-Herrero, H. et al. Atomic-scale control of graphene magnetism by using hydrogen atoms. Science 352, 437\u2013441 (2016)",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "199",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys2183",
      "volume": "8",
      "author": "RR Nair",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "Nair, R. R. et al. Spin-half paramagnetism in graphene induced by point defects. Nat. Phys. 8, 199\u2013202 (2012)",
      "journal-title": "Nat. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "186604",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.186604",
      "volume": "109",
      "author": "KM McCreary",
      "year": "2012",
      "unstructured": "McCreary, K. M., Swartz, A. G., Han, W., Fabian, J. & Kawakami, R. K. Magnetic moment formation in graphene detected by scattering of pure spin currents. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 186604 (2012)",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "840",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys1399",
      "volume": "5",
      "author": "J \u010cervenka",
      "year": "2009",
      "unstructured": "\u010cervenka, J., Katsnelson, M. I. & Flipse, C. F. J. Room-temperature ferromagnetism in graphite driven by two-dimensional networks of point defects. Nat. Phys. 5, 840\u2013844 (2009)",
      "journal-title": "Nat. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "026805",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.026805",
      "volume": "101",
      "author": "B Uchoa",
      "year": "2008",
      "unstructured": "Uchoa, B., Kotov, V. N., Peres, N. M. R. & Neto, A. H. C. Localized magnetic states in graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 026805 (2008)",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR11",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "183",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat1849",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "AK Geim",
      "year": "2007",
      "unstructured": "Geim, A. K. & Novoselov, K. S. The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6, 183\u2013191 (2007)",
      "journal-title": "Nat. Mater."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1489",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1250140",
      "volume": "344",
      "author": "KF Mak",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Mak, K. F., McGill, K. L., Park, J. & McEuen, P. L. The valley Hall effect in MoS2 transistors. Science 344, 1489\u20131492 (2014)",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR13",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "839",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2009.292",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "F Xia",
      "year": "2009",
      "unstructured": "Xia, F., Mueller, T., Lin, Y.-M., Valdes-Garcia, A. & Avouris, P. Ultrafast graphene photodetector. Nat. Nanotechnol. 4, 839\u2013843 (2009)",
      "journal-title": "Nat. Nanotechnol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "137201",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.137201",
      "volume": "113",
      "author": "X Kou",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Kou, X. et al. Scale-invariant quantum anomalous Hall effect in magnetic topological insulators beyond the two-dimensional limit. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 137201 (2014)",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR15",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "227205",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.227205",
      "volume": "102",
      "author": "J Jung",
      "year": "2009",
      "unstructured": "Jung, J., Pereg-Barnea, T. & MacDonald, A. H. Theory of interedge superexchange in zigzag edge magnetism. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 227205 (2009)",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "347",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature05180",
      "volume": "444",
      "author": "YW Son",
      "year": "2006",
      "unstructured": "Son, Y. W., Cohen, M. L. & Louie, S. G. Half-metallic graphene nanoribbons. Nature 444, 347\u2013349 (2006)",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR17",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Dresselhaus, M. S. Intercalation in Layered Materials (Plenum Press, 1986)",
      "DOI": "10.1007/978-1-4757-5556-5"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "186803",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.186803",
      "volume": "100",
      "author": "EV Castro",
      "year": "2008",
      "unstructured": "Castro, E. V., Peres, N. M. R., Stauber, T. & Silva, N. A. P. Low-density ferromagnetism in biased bilayer graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 186803 (2008)",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR19",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "236602",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.236602",
      "volume": "114",
      "author": "T Cao",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Cao, T., Li, Z. & Louie, S. G. Tunable magnetism and half-metallicity in hole-doped monolayer GaSe. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 236602 (2015)",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR20",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "69",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0953-8984/7/1/008",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "V Carteaux",
      "year": "1995",
      "unstructured": "Carteaux, V., Brunet, D., Ouvrard, G. & Andre, G. Crystallographic, magnetic and electronic structures of a new layered ferromagnetic compound Cr2Ge2Te6 . J. Phys. Condens. Matter 7, 69\u201387 (1995)",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Condens. Matter"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR21",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "114907",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.4822092",
      "volume": "114",
      "author": "H Ji",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Ji, H. et al. A ferromagnetic insulating substrate for the epitaxial growth of topological insulators. J. Appl. Phys. 114, 114907 (2013)",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR22",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "062508",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.2336620",
      "volume": "89",
      "author": "J Xia",
      "year": "2006",
      "unstructured": "Xia, J., Beyersdorf, P. T., Fejer, M. M. & Kapitulnik, A. Modified Sagnac interferometer for high-sensitivity magneto-optic measurements at cryogenic temperatures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 062508 (2006)",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR23",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1208",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.1208",
      "volume": "68",
      "author": "Y Li",
      "year": "1992",
      "unstructured": "Li, Y. & Baberschke, K. Dimensional crossover in ultrathin Ni(111) films on W(110). Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1208\u20131211 (1992)",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "2665",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.2665",
      "volume": "86",
      "author": "R Zhang",
      "year": "2001",
      "unstructured": "Zhang, R. & Willis, R. F. Thickness-dependent Curie temperatures of ultrathin magnetic films: effect of the range of spin-spin interactions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 2665\u20132668 (2001)",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR25",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "286",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.9.286",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "M Bloch",
      "year": "1962",
      "unstructured": "Bloch, M. Magnon renormalization in ferromagnets near the Curie point. Phys. Rev. Lett. 9, 286\u2013287 (1962)",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "395502",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0953-8984/21/39/395502",
      "volume": "21",
      "author": "P Giannozzi",
      "year": "2009",
      "unstructured": "Giannozzi, P. et al. QUANTUM ESPRESSO: a modular and open-source software project for quantum simulations of materials. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21, 395502 (2009)",
      "journal-title": "J. Phys. Condens. Matter"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR27",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1893",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.330706",
      "volume": "53",
      "author": "K Hirakawa",
      "year": "1982",
      "unstructured": "Hirakawa, K. Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in two-dimensional planar ferromagnet K2CuF4 . J. Appl. Phys. 53, 1893\u20131898 (1982)",
      "journal-title": "J. Appl. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR28",
      "unstructured": "Weber, M. J. Handbook of Optical Materials section 1.6.3 (CRC Press, 2003)"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR29",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "111",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0304-8853(93)90863-W",
      "volume": "128",
      "author": "B Kaplan",
      "year": "1993",
      "unstructured": "Kaplan, B. & Gehring, G. A. The domain structure in ultrathin magnetic films. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 128, 111\u2013116 (1993)",
      "journal-title": "J. Magn. Magn. Mater."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR30",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "053512",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.4892353",
      "volume": "105",
      "author": "LD Alegria",
      "year": "2014",
      "unstructured": "Alegria, L. D. et al. Large anomalous Hall effect in ferromagnetic insulator-topological insulator heterostructures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 105, 053512 (2014)",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR31",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "270",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2014.323",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "Y Yu",
      "year": "2015",
      "unstructured": "Yu, Y. et al. Gate-tunable phase transitions in thin flakes of 1T-TaS2 . Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 270\u2013276 (2015)",
      "journal-title": "Nat. Nanotechnol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR32",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "20904",
      "DOI": "10.1038/srep20904",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "C-T Kuo",
      "year": "2016",
      "unstructured": "Kuo, C.-T. et al. Exfoliation and Raman spectroscopic fingerprint of few-layer NiPS3 van der Waals crystals. Sci. Rep. 6, 20904 (2016)",
      "journal-title": "Sci. Rep."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "21",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2016.171",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "L Li",
      "year": "2017",
      "unstructured": "Li, L. et al. Direct observation of the layer-dependent electronic structure in phosphorene. Nat. Nanotechnol. 12, 21\u201325 (2017)",
      "journal-title": "Nat. Nanotechnol."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR34",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "035105",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.71.035105",
      "volume": "71",
      "author": "M Cococcioni",
      "year": "2005",
      "unstructured": "Cococcioni, M. & de Gironcoli, S. Linear response approach to the calculation of the effective interaction parameters in the LDA+U method. Phys. Rev. B 71, 035105 (2005)",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev. B"
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR35",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "823",
      "DOI": "10.1039/C2DT31662E",
      "volume": "42",
      "author": "H Xiang",
      "year": "2013",
      "unstructured": "Xiang, H., Lee, C., Kooc, H.-J., Gong, X. & Whangbo, M.-H. Magnetic properties and energy-mapping analysis. Dalton Trans. 42, 823\u2013853 (2013)",
      "journal-title": "Dalton Trans."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR36",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "1098",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRev.58.1098",
      "volume": "58",
      "author": "T Holstein",
      "year": "1940",
      "unstructured": "Holstein, T. & Primakoff, H. Field dependence of the intrinsic domain magnetization of a ferromagnet. Phys. Rev. 58, 1098\u20131113 (1940)",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev."
    },
    {
      "key": "BFnature22060_CR37",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "first-page": "2223",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRev.130.2223",
      "volume": "130",
      "author": "A Corciovei",
      "year": "1963",
      "unstructured": "Corciovei, A. Spin-wave theory of ferromagnetic thin films. Phys. Rev. 130, 2223\u20132229 (1963)",
      "journal-title": "Phys. Rev."
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Nature",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "http://www.nature.com/articles/nature22060.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "http://www.nature.com/articles/nature22060",
      "content-type": "text/html",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature22060",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    },
    {
      "URL": "http://www.nature.com/articles/nature22060.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        5,
        18
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-05-18T18:01:14Z",
    "timestamp": 1684432874000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature22060"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2017,
        4,
        26
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 37,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "7657",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2017,
          6,
          8
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "BFnature22060"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature22060",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0028-0836",
    "1476-4687"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Nature",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2017,
        4,
        26
      ]
    ]
  },
  "assertion": [
    {
      "value": "9 June 2016",
      "order": 1,
      "name": "received",
      "label": "Received",
      "group": {
        "name": "ArticleHistory",
        "label": "Article History"
      }
    },
    {
      "value": "6 March 2017",
      "order": 2,
      "name": "accepted",
      "label": "Accepted",
      "group": {
        "name": "ArticleHistory",
        "label": "Article History"
      }
    },
    {
      "value": "26 April 2017",
      "order": 3,
      "name": "first_online",
      "label": "First Online",
      "group": {
        "name": "ArticleHistory",
        "label": "Article History"
      }
    },
    {
      "value": "The authors declare no competing financial interests.",
      "order": 1,
      "name": "Ethics",
      "group": {
        "name": "EthicsHeading",
        "label": "Competing interests"
      }
    }
  ]
}