DOI: 10.1029/90jc01951. The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean

The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean

10.1029/90jc01951

Crossref journal-article

American Geophysical Union (AGU)

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans (13)

Abstract

The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific and its thermodynamics are poorly known because of a general lack of data. Conductivity‐temperature‐depth (CTD) profiles from the recent Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study (WEPOCS) cruises have been analyzed for various measures of the upper layer and mixed layer thickness, using criteria which depend on vertical gradients of temperature, salinity, and density. From 434 profiles, the average mixed layer depth in the western equatorial Pacific during the two WEPOCS cruises was 29 m, which is about a factor of 3 shallower than had previously been thought. The mean depth of the top of the thermocline was found to be 64 m, so there is a nearly isothermal layer that is deeper than the mixed layer. This discrepancy is attributable to salinity stratification. It is hypothesized that the waters in this “barrier” layer between the bottom of the mixed layer and the top of the thermocline are formed to the east of the WEPOCS region, and subducted below the shallow and lighter mixed layer waters found in the west. Under light wind conditions, there was a tendency for warm and thin layers to form at the sea surface as a result of diurnal heating; however, there did not appear to be any nighttime maximum to the mixed layer depth associated with convective overturn due to cooling. This contrast with the central Pacific may be caused by the influence of salinity on the thermodynamics of the mixed layer. A strong westerly wind burst was observed during WEPOCS II, and apparently the mixed layer nearly doubled in depth while cooling by more than 1°C. Evidence of downwelling near the equator, and upwelling off the equator, was seen in the distribution of temperature, salinity, and density in the meridional section along 143°E, which was occupied immediately following the wind event. This event was apparently strong enough to erode through the salinity‐stratified layer and into the thermocline, resulting in the observed cooling. The results of this study suggest that except during strong wind events, entrainment cooling may not be an important component of the heat budget of the western Pacific warm pool. This has potentially important implications for the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon.

Authors 2

Roger Lukas (first)
Eric Lindstrom (additional)

References 48 Referenced 707

10.1029/TR039i006p01055
10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011<1043:SRBOFI>2.0.CO;2
10.1029/JC077i036p07138
10.1175/1520-0485(1980)010<1929:TSVIAM>2.0.CO;2
10.1016/0198-0149(80)90038-2
{'key': 'e_1_2_2_7_1', 'first-page': '167', 'article-title': 'Le courant de Cromwell dans le Pacifique central en février 1970', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Colin C.', 'year': '1971', 'journal-title': 'Cah. ORSTOM Ser. Oceanogr.'} / Cah. ORSTOM Ser. Oceanogr. / Le courant de Cromwell dans le Pacifique central en février 1970 by Colin C. (1971)
Cremoux J. L. Resultats des croisieres faites le long de l'Equateur par le Centre ORSTOM de NoumeaRapp. Sci. et Tech. 16ORSTOM Noumea New Caledonia 1981.
10.1175/1520-0485(1973)003<0173:ATDMOT>2.0.CO;2
10.1016/0079-6611(87)90003-6
Fofonoff N. P. S. P.Hayes R. C.Millard WHOI/Brown microprofiler: Methods of calibration and data handlingWHOI Tech. Rep. 74‐89Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Woods Hole Mass. 1974. (10.1575/1912/647)
10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<1332:WDAEML>2.0.CO;2
10.1038/306229a0
10.1038/318140a0
10.1029/JC094iC06p08007
{'key': 'e_1_2_2_16_1', 'first-page': '135', 'article-title': "La structure thermique équatoriale de l'océan Pacifique de l'hiver 1965 reconsidérée par reference à, El Niño", 'volume': '20', 'author': 'Hisard P.', 'year': '1985', 'journal-title': 'Oceanogr. Trop.'} / Oceanogr. Trop. / La structure thermique équatoriale de l'océan Pacifique de l'hiver 1965 reconsidérée par reference à, El Niño by Hisard P. (1985)
{'key': 'e_1_2_2_17_1', 'first-page': '47', 'volume-title': 'Oceanography of the South Pacific 1972', 'author': 'Jarrige F.', 'year': '1973'} / Oceanography of the South Pacific 1972 by Jarrige F. (1973)
Keen R. Equatorial westerlies and the Southern Oscillation Proceedings of the U. S. TOGA Western Pacific Air‐sea Interaction WorkshopR.Lukas P.Webster UCAR Tech. Rep. USTOGA‐8 121–140Univ. Corp. for Atmos. Res. Boulder Colo. 1988.
{'key': 'e_1_2_2_19_1', 'first-page': '39', 'article-title': "Anomalie dynamique de la surface de la merle long de l'equateur dans I'Océan Pacifique", 'volume': '6', 'author': 'Lemasson L.', 'year': '1968', 'journal-title': 'Cah. ORSTOM Ser. Oceanogr.'} / Cah. ORSTOM Ser. Oceanogr. / Anomalie dynamique de la surface de la merle long de l'equateur dans I'Océan Pacifique by Lemasson L. (1968)
Levitus S. Climatological Atlas of the World OceanNOAA Prof. Pap. 13 173Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin. Rockville Md. 1982.
10.1038/330533a0
Lukas R. On the role of western Pacific air‐sea interaction in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation Phenomenon Proceedings of the U. S. TOGA Western Pacific Air‐sea Interaction WorkshopR.Lukas P.Webster UCAR Tech. Rep. USTOGA‐8 43–69Univ. Corp. for Atmos. Res. Boulder Colo. 1988a.
Lukas R. Freshwater input to the western equatorial Pacific Ocean and air‐sea interactionSymposium on Western Tropical Pacific Air‐Sea InteractionsU. S. TOGA Project OfficeBeijing ChinaNov. 15–7 1988b.
Lukas R. M.Tsuchiya Hydrographic observations from the first U. S. cruise of the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study (WEPOCS)JIMAR Data Rep. 1 350Joint Inst. for Mar. and Atmos. Res. Univ. of Hawaii Honolulu 1986.
10.1029/JC089iC06p10425
Lukas R. Observations of air‐sea interactions in the western Pacific warm pool during WEPOCS Proceedings of the Western Pacific International Meeting and Workshop on TOGA‐COAREJ.Picaut R.Lukas T.Delcroix 599–610ORSTOM Noumea New Caledonia 1989.
10.1126/science.222.4621.327
10.1038/323523a0
10.1175/1520-0485(1976)006<0029:TSEIAM>2.0.CO;2
10.1007/978-94-011-7041-3
{'key': 'e_1_2_2_31_1', 'first-page': '465', 'article-title': 'The heat budget of tropical ocean warm‐water pools', 'volume': '40', 'author': 'Niiler P.', 'year': '1982', 'journal-title': 'J. Mar. Res.'} / J. Mar. Res. / The heat budget of tropical ocean warm‐water pools by Niiler P. (1982)
10.1126/science.180.4089.960
Peters H. M. C.Gregg Equatorial turbulence: Mixed layer and thermocline Proceedings of the 'Aha'Huliko'a Hawaiian Winter Workshop on The Dynamics of the Oceanic Surface Mixed LayerP.Muller D.Henderson 25–45University of Hawaii Honolulu 1987.
10.1175/1520-0485(1979)009<0643:OOARFM>2.0.CO;2
10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011<0153:UORTAH>2.0.CO;2
10.1029/JC091iC07p08411
Rao M. S. V. W. V.AbbotIII J. S.Theon Satellite‐derived global oceanic rainfall atlas (1973 and 1974)NASA Spec. Publ. NASA SP‐410 1976.
10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0354:VITSST>2.0.CO;2
Reynolds R. W. A monthly averaged climatology of sea surface temperatureNOAA Tech. Rep. NWS 31 35Natl. Weather Serv. Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin. Washington D. C. 1982.
10.1029/JZ069i014p02899
Sadler J. C. M. A.Lander A. M.Hori L. K.Oda Tropical marine climatic atlas II Pacific Ocean UHMET87‐02 27 Dep. of Meteorol. Univ. of Hawaii Honolulu 1987.
Santiago‐Mandujano F. andE.Firing Acoustic Doppler current profiles from the first U. S. cruise of the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study (WEPOCS) June‐July 1985 JIMAR Data Rep. 004 Joint Inst. for Mar. and Atmos. Res. 34 pp. Univ. of Hawaii Honolulu 1988.
Taylor R. C. An atlas of Pacific islands rainfallData Rep. 25 HIG‐73‐9Hawaii Inst. of Geophys. Honolulu 1973.
Tsuchiya M. R.Lukas Western equatorial Pacific ocean circulation study (WEPOCS II) shipboard chemical and physical data reportSIO Ref. 87‐20 253Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr. La Jolla Calif. 1987.
10.1016/0079-6611(89)90012-8
10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011<0705:AMSHFI>2.0.CO;2
10.1038/319574a0
{'key': 'e_1_2_2_48_1', 'first-page': '6', 'article-title': 'The thermal structure of the eastern Pacific Ocean', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Wyrtki K.', 'year': '1964', 'journal-title': 'Dstch. Hydrogr. Zeit., Suppl. Ser. A'} / Dstch. Hydrogr. Zeit., Suppl. Ser. A / The thermal structure of the eastern Pacific Ocean by Wyrtki K. (1964)
10.1029/JC090iC04p07129

Dates

Type	When
Created	12 years, 8 months ago (Dec. 7, 2012, 11:08 a.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 11 months ago (Sept. 23, 2023, 3:15 a.m.)
Indexed	0 minutes ago (Aug. 29, 2025, 2:43 a.m.)
Issued	34 years, 7 months ago (Jan. 1, 1991)
Published	34 years, 7 months ago (Jan. 1, 1991)
Published Online	12 years, 7 months ago (Jan. 13, 2013)
Published Print	34 years, 7 months ago (Jan. 1, 1991)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Lukas_1991, title={The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean}, volume={96}, ISSN={0148-0227}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90jc01951}, DOI={10.1029/90jc01951}, number={S01}, journal={Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans}, publisher={American Geophysical Union (AGU)}, author={Lukas, Roger and Lindstrom, Eric}, year={1991}, month=jan, pages={3343–3357} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        29
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-29T06:43:02Z",
    "timestamp": 1756449782293
  },
  "reference-count": 48,
  "publisher": "American Geophysical Union (AGU)",
  "issue": "S01",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2013,
            1,
            13
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2013-01-13T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1358035200000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 8048,
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1991,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific and its thermodynamics are poorly known because of a general lack of data. Conductivity\u2010temperature\u2010depth (CTD) profiles from the recent Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study (WEPOCS) cruises have been analyzed for various measures of the upper layer and mixed layer thickness, using criteria which depend on vertical gradients of temperature, salinity, and density. From 434 profiles, the average mixed layer depth in the western equatorial Pacific during the two WEPOCS cruises was 29 m, which is about a factor of 3 shallower than had previously been thought. The mean depth of the top of the thermocline was found to be 64 m, so there is a nearly isothermal layer that is deeper than the mixed layer. This discrepancy is attributable to salinity stratification. It is hypothesized that the waters in this \u201cbarrier\u201d layer between the bottom of the mixed layer and the top of the thermocline are formed to the east of the WEPOCS region, and subducted below the shallow and lighter mixed layer waters found in the west. Under light wind conditions, there was a tendency for warm and thin layers to form at the sea surface as a result of diurnal heating; however, there did not appear to be any nighttime maximum to the mixed layer depth associated with convective overturn due to cooling. This contrast with the central Pacific may be caused by the influence of salinity on the thermodynamics of the mixed layer. A strong westerly wind burst was observed during WEPOCS II, and apparently the mixed layer nearly doubled in depth while cooling by more than 1\u00b0C. Evidence of downwelling near the equator, and upwelling off the equator, was seen in the distribution of temperature, salinity, and density in the meridional section along 143\u00b0E, which was occupied immediately following the wind event. This event was apparently strong enough to erode through the salinity\u2010stratified layer and into the thermocline, resulting in the observed cooling. The results of this study suggest that except during strong wind events, entrainment cooling may not be an important component of the heat budget of the western Pacific warm pool. This has potentially important implications for the El Ni\u00f1o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1029/90jc01951",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2012,
        12,
        7
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2012-12-07T16:08:35Z",
    "timestamp": 1354896515000
  },
  "page": "3343-3357",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 707,
  "title": "The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean",
  "prefix": "10.1029",
  "volume": "96",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Roger",
      "family": "Lukas",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Eric",
      "family": "Lindstrom",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "13",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2013,
        1,
        13
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_2_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1029/TR039i006p01055"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_3_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011<1043:SRBOFI>2.0.CO;2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_4_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1029/JC077i036p07138"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_5_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0485(1980)010<1929:TSVIAM>2.0.CO;2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_6_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0198-0149(80)90038-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_7_1",
      "first-page": "167",
      "article-title": "Le courant de Cromwell dans le Pacifique central en f\u00e9vrier 1970",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "Colin C.",
      "year": "1971",
      "journal-title": "Cah. ORSTOM Ser. Oceanogr."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_8_1",
      "unstructured": "Cremoux J. L. Resultats des croisieres faites le long de l'Equateur par le Centre ORSTOM de NoumeaRapp. Sci. et Tech. 16ORSTOM Noumea New Caledonia 1981."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_9_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0485(1973)003<0173:ATDMOT>2.0.CO;2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_10_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0079-6611(87)90003-6"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_11_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Fofonoff N. P. S. P.Hayes R. C.Millard WHOI/Brown microprofiler: Methods of calibration and data handlingWHOI Tech. Rep. 74\u201089Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Woods Hole Mass. 1974.",
      "DOI": "10.1575/1912/647"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_12_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<1332:WDAEML>2.0.CO;2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_13_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/306229a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_14_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/318140a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_15_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1029/JC094iC06p08007"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_16_1",
      "first-page": "135",
      "article-title": "La structure thermique \u00e9quatoriale de l'oc\u00e9an Pacifique de l'hiver 1965 reconsid\u00e9r\u00e9e par reference \u00e0, El Ni\u00f1o",
      "volume": "20",
      "author": "Hisard P.",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "Oceanogr. Trop."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_17_1",
      "first-page": "47",
      "volume-title": "Oceanography of the South Pacific 1972",
      "author": "Jarrige F.",
      "year": "1973"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_18_1",
      "unstructured": "Keen R. Equatorial westerlies and the Southern Oscillation Proceedings of the U. S. TOGA Western Pacific Air\u2010sea Interaction WorkshopR.Lukas P.Webster UCAR Tech. Rep. USTOGA\u20108 121\u2013140Univ. Corp. for Atmos. Res. Boulder Colo. 1988."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_19_1",
      "first-page": "39",
      "article-title": "Anomalie dynamique de la surface de la merle long de l'equateur dans I'Oc\u00e9an Pacifique",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "Lemasson L.",
      "year": "1968",
      "journal-title": "Cah. ORSTOM Ser. Oceanogr."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_20_1",
      "unstructured": "Levitus S. Climatological Atlas of the World OceanNOAA Prof. Pap. 13 173Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin. Rockville Md. 1982."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_21_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/330533a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_22_1",
      "unstructured": "Lukas R. On the role of western Pacific air\u2010sea interaction in the El Ni\u00f1o/Southern Oscillation Phenomenon Proceedings of the U. S. TOGA Western Pacific Air\u2010sea Interaction WorkshopR.Lukas P.Webster UCAR Tech. Rep. USTOGA\u20108 43\u201369Univ. Corp. for Atmos. Res. Boulder Colo. 1988a."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_23_1",
      "unstructured": "Lukas R. Freshwater input to the western equatorial Pacific Ocean and air\u2010sea interactionSymposium on Western Tropical Pacific Air\u2010Sea InteractionsU. S. TOGA Project OfficeBeijing ChinaNov. 15\u20137 1988b."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_24_1",
      "unstructured": "Lukas R. M.Tsuchiya Hydrographic observations from the first U. S. cruise of the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study (WEPOCS)JIMAR Data Rep. 1 350Joint Inst. for Mar. and Atmos. Res. Univ. of Hawaii Honolulu 1986."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_25_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1029/JC089iC06p10425"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_26_1",
      "unstructured": "Lukas R. Observations of air\u2010sea interactions in the western Pacific warm pool during WEPOCS Proceedings of the Western Pacific International Meeting and Workshop on TOGA\u2010COAREJ.Picaut R.Lukas T.Delcroix 599\u2013610ORSTOM Noumea New Caledonia 1989."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_27_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.222.4621.327"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_28_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/323523a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_29_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0485(1976)006<0029:TSEIAM>2.0.CO;2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_30_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/978-94-011-7041-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_31_1",
      "first-page": "465",
      "article-title": "The heat budget of tropical ocean warm\u2010water pools",
      "volume": "40",
      "author": "Niiler P.",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "J. Mar. Res."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_32_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.180.4089.960"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_33_1",
      "unstructured": "Peters H. M. C.Gregg Equatorial turbulence: Mixed layer and thermocline Proceedings of the 'Aha'Huliko'a Hawaiian Winter Workshop on The Dynamics of the Oceanic Surface Mixed LayerP.Muller D.Henderson 25\u201345University of Hawaii Honolulu 1987."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_34_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0485(1979)009<0643:OOARFM>2.0.CO;2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_35_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011<0153:UORTAH>2.0.CO;2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_36_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1029/JC091iC07p08411"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_37_1",
      "unstructured": "Rao M. S. V. W. V.AbbotIII J. S.Theon Satellite\u2010derived global oceanic rainfall atlas (1973 and 1974)NASA Spec. Publ. NASA SP\u2010410 1976."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_38_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0354:VITSST>2.0.CO;2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_39_1",
      "unstructured": "Reynolds R. W. A monthly averaged climatology of sea surface temperatureNOAA Tech. Rep. NWS 31 35Natl. Weather Serv. Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin. Washington D. C. 1982."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_40_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1029/JZ069i014p02899"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_41_1",
      "unstructured": "Sadler J. C. M. A.Lander A. M.Hori L. K.Oda Tropical marine climatic atlas II Pacific Ocean UHMET87\u201002 27 Dep. of Meteorol. Univ. of Hawaii Honolulu 1987."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_42_1",
      "unstructured": "Santiago\u2010Mandujano F. andE.Firing Acoustic Doppler current profiles from the first U. S. cruise of the Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study (WEPOCS) June\u2010July 1985 JIMAR Data Rep. 004 Joint Inst. for Mar. and Atmos. Res. 34 pp. Univ. of Hawaii Honolulu 1988."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_43_1",
      "unstructured": "Taylor R. C. An atlas of Pacific islands rainfallData Rep. 25 HIG\u201073\u20109Hawaii Inst. of Geophys. Honolulu 1973."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_44_1",
      "unstructured": "Tsuchiya M. R.Lukas Western equatorial Pacific ocean circulation study (WEPOCS II) shipboard chemical and physical data reportSIO Ref. 87\u201020 253Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr. La Jolla Calif. 1987."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_45_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0079-6611(89)90012-8"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_46_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0485(1981)011<0705:AMSHFI>2.0.CO;2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_47_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/319574a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_48_1",
      "first-page": "6",
      "article-title": "The thermal structure of the eastern Pacific Ocean",
      "volume": "8",
      "author": "Wyrtki K.",
      "year": "1964",
      "journal-title": "Dstch. Hydrogr. Zeit., Suppl. Ser. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_2_49_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1029/JC090iC04p07129"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1029%2F90JC01951",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/90JC01951",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        9,
        23
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-09-23T07:15:23Z",
    "timestamp": 1695453323000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/90JC01951"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1991,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 48,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "S01",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1991,
          1
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1029/90JC01951"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/90JC01951",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0148-0227"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "J. Geophys. Res.",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1991,
        1
      ]
    ]
  }
}