DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006. Characterizing computer input with Fitts’ law parameters—the information and non-information aspects of pointing

Characterizing computer input with Fitts’ law parameters—the information and non-information aspects of pointing

10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006

Crossref journal-article

Elsevier BV

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies (78)

Bibliography

Zhai, S. (2004). Characterizing computer input with Fittsâ law parametersâthe information and non-information aspects of pointing. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 61(6), 791â809.

Authors 1

Shumin Zhai (first)

References 37 Referenced 134

Accot, J., Zhai, S., 2002. More than dotting the i's—foundations for crossing-based interfaces. Proceedings of the CHI 2002: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI Letters 4(1). ACM, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 73–80. (10.1145/503376.503390)
Accot, J., Zhai, S., 2003. Refining Fitts’ law models for bivariate pointing. Proceedings of the CHI 2003, ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI Letters 5(1). ACM, Fort Lauderdale, FL, pp. 193–200. (10.1145/642611.642646)
10.1080/00140137808931762 / Ergonomics / Evaluation of mouse, rate controlled isometric joystick, step keys and text keys for text selection on a CRT by Card (1978)
10.1080/17470216008416694 / Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology / The information capacity of the human motor system in pursuit tracking by Crossman (1960)
10.1080/14640748308402133 / Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology / Feedback control of hand-movement and Fitts’ law by Crossman (1983)
Douglas, S., Kirkpatrick, A., MacKenzie, S., 1998. Testing pointing device performance and user assessment with the ISO 9241, part 9 standard. Proceedings of the CHI’98: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 336–343. (10.1145/302979.303042)
Drascic, D., 1991. Skill acquisition and task performance in teleoperation using monoscopic and stereoscopic video remote viewing. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, pp. 1367–1371. (10.1177/154193129103501906)
10.1037/h0055392 / Journal of Experimental Psychology / The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement by Fitts (1954)
10.1037/h0045689 / Journal of Experimental Psychology / Information capacity of discrete motor responses by Fitts (1964)
10.1037/h0022970 / Journal of Experimental Psychology / Information capacity of discrete motor responses under different cognitive sets by Fitts (1966)
Guiard, Y., Ferrand, T., 2002. Does the index of difficulty measure difficulty? A note on Fitts’ aimed-movement paradigm. A short version appears as Guiard, Y., Ferrand, T. (1998). Effets de gamme et optimum de difficulté spatiale dans une tâche de pointage de Fitts. Science et Motricité 34, 19–25, unpublished manuscript.
ISO, 2000. ISO 9241-9 International standard: Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs)—Part 9: Requirements for non-keyboard input devices: International Organization for Standardization.
Isokoski, P., Raisamo, R., 2002. Speed-accuracy measures in a population of six mice. Proceedings of the APCHI 2002: 5th Asia Pacific Conference on Computer Human Interaction). Science Press, Beijing, China, pp. 765–777.
Kabbash, P., Buxton, W., 1995. The “Prince” technique: Fitts’ law and selection using area cursor. Proceedings of the CHI’95: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Dever, CO, pp. 273–279. (10.1145/223904.223939)
Lewis, J.R., Kennedy, P.J., LaLomia, M.J., 1992. Improved typing-key layouts for single-finger or stylus input (Technical Report No. TR 54.692): IBM Technical Report TR 54.692.
10.1080/00222895.1989.10735486 / Journal of Motor Behavior / A note on the information-theoretic basis for Fitts’ law by MacKenzie (1989)
MacKenzie, I.S., 1991. Fitts’ law as a performance model in human–computer interaction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
10.1207/s15327051hci0701_3 / Human–Computer Interaction / Fitts’ law as a research and design tool in human–computer interaction by MacKenzie (1992)
MacKenzie, I.S., Buxton, W., 1992. Extending Fitts’ law to two-dimensional tasks. Proceedings of the CHI’92: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 219–226. (10.1145/142750.142794)
MacKenzie, I.S., Jusoh, S., 2001. An evaluation of two input devices for remote pointing. Proceedings of the Eighth IFIP Working Conference on Engineering for Human–Computer Interaction—EHCI 2001. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 235–249. (10.1007/3-540-45348-2_21)
MacKenzie, I. S., Sellen, A., Buxton, W., 1991. A comparison of input devices in elemental pointing and dragging tasks. Proceedings of the CHI’91: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New Orleans, LA, pp. 161–166. (10.1145/108844.108868)
MacKenzie, I.S., Zhang, S.X., 1999. The design and evaluation of a high-performance soft keyboard. Proceedings of the CHI’99: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 25–31. (10.1145/302979.302983)
MacKenzie, I.S., Soukoreff, R.W., 2003. Card, English, and Burr (1978)—25 years later. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems—CHI 2003, pp. 760–761.
McGuffin, M., Balakrishnan, R., 2002. Acquisition of expanding targets. Proceedings of the CHI 2002: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI Letters 4(1). ACM, pp. 57–64. (10.1145/503376.503388)
Myers, B.A., Bhatnagar, R., Nichols, J., Peck, C.H., Kong, D., Miller, R., Long, A.C., 2002. Interacting at a distance: measuring the performance of laser pointers and other devices. Proceedings of the CHI 2002: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI Letters 4(1). ACM, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 33–40. (10.1145/503376.503383)
Oh, J.-Y., Stuerzlinger, W., 2002. Laser pointers as collaborative pointing devices. Proceedings of the Graphics Interface. A.K. Peters and CHCCS, pp. 141–149.
Sallnas, E.-L., Zhai, S., 2003. Collaboration meets Fitts’ law: passing virtual objects with and without haptic force feedback. Proceedings of the INTERACT 2003: IFIP Conference on Human–Computer Interaction, pp. 97–104.
10.1037/0033-295X.86.5.415 / Psychological Review / Motor-output variability by Schmidt (1979)
Silfverberg, M., MacKenzie, I.S., Kauppinen, T., 2001. An isometric joystick as a pointing device for handheld information terminals. Proceedings of the Graphics Interface. Canadian Information Processing Society, Toronto, Canada, pp. 119–126.
{'key': '10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib30', 'first-page': '379', 'article-title': 'Theoretical upper and lower bounds on typing speeds using a stylus and keyboard', 'volume': '14', 'author': 'Soukoreff', 'year': '1995', 'journal-title': 'Behaviour & Information Technology'} / Behaviour & Information Technology / Theoretical upper and lower bounds on typing speeds using a stylus and keyboard by Soukoreff (1995)
Welford, A.T., 1968. Fundamentals of Skill. London.
{'key': '10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib32', 'first-page': '1', 'article-title': 'The accuracy of voluntary movement', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'Woodworth', 'year': '1899', 'journal-title': 'The Psychological Review, Series of Monograph Supplements'} / The Psychological Review, Series of Monograph Supplements / The accuracy of voluntary movement by Woodworth (1899)
Zhai, S., Morimoto, C., Ihde, S., 1999. Manual and gaze input cascaded (MAGIC) pointing. Proceedings of the CHI’99: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, pp. 246–253. (10.1145/302979.303053)
10.1207/S15327051HCI172&3_4 / Human–Computer Interaction / Performance optimization of virtual keyboards by Zhai (2002)
Zhai, S., Sue, A., Accot, J., 2002b. Movement model, hits distribution and learning in virtual keyboarding. Proceedings of the CHI 2002: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI Letters 4(1). ACM, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 17–24. (10.1145/503376.503381)
Zhai, S., Conversy, S., Beaudouin-Lafon, M., Guiard, Y., 2003. Human on-line response to target expansion. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI Letters 5(1). ACM, Fort Lauderdale, FL, pp. 177–184. (10.1145/642611.642644)
Zhai, S., Kong, J., Ren, X., 2004. Speed-accuracy trade-off in Fitts’ law tasks—on the equivalency of actual and nominal pointing precision. International Journal of Human–Computer Studies. (10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.007)

Dates

Type	When
Created	20 years, 9 months ago (Nov. 4, 2004, 1:28 p.m.)
Deposited	5 years, 4 months ago (April 3, 2020, 4:07 p.m.)
Indexed	2 days ago (Aug. 30, 2025, 12:35 p.m.)
Issued	20 years, 9 months ago (Dec. 1, 2004)
Published	20 years, 9 months ago (Dec. 1, 2004)
Published Print	20 years, 9 months ago (Dec. 1, 2004)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Zhai_2004, title={Characterizing computer input with Fitts’ law parameters—the information and non-information aspects of pointing}, volume={61}, ISSN={1071-5819}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006}, DOI={10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006}, number={6}, journal={International Journal of Human-Computer Studies}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Zhai, Shumin}, year={2004}, month=dec, pages={791–809} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        30
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-30T16:35:01Z",
    "timestamp": 1756571701604
  },
  "reference-count": 37,
  "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
  "issue": "6",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2004,
            12,
            1
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2004-12-01T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1101859200000
      },
      "content-version": "tdm",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        12
      ]
    ]
  },
  "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        11,
        4
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2004-11-04T18:28:44Z",
    "timestamp": 1099592924000
  },
  "page": "791-809",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 134,
  "title": "Characterizing computer input with Fitts\u2019 law parameters\u2014the information and non-information aspects of pointing",
  "prefix": "10.1016",
  "volume": "61",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Shumin",
      "family": "Zhai",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "78",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Accot, J., Zhai, S., 2002. More than dotting the i's\u2014foundations for crossing-based interfaces. Proceedings of the CHI 2002: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI Letters 4(1). ACM, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 73\u201380.",
      "DOI": "10.1145/503376.503390"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Accot, J., Zhai, S., 2003. Refining Fitts\u2019 law models for bivariate pointing. Proceedings of the CHI 2003, ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI Letters 5(1). ACM, Fort Lauderdale, FL, pp. 193\u2013200.",
      "DOI": "10.1145/642611.642646"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "601",
      "DOI": "10.1080/00140137808931762",
      "article-title": "Evaluation of mouse, rate controlled isometric joystick, step keys and text keys for text selection on a CRT",
      "volume": "21",
      "author": "Card",
      "year": "1978",
      "journal-title": "Ergonomics"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1080/17470216008416694",
      "article-title": "The information capacity of the human motor system in pursuit tracking",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "Crossman",
      "year": "1960",
      "journal-title": "Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "251",
      "DOI": "10.1080/14640748308402133",
      "article-title": "Feedback control of hand-movement and Fitts\u2019 law",
      "volume": "35A",
      "author": "Crossman",
      "year": "1983",
      "journal-title": "Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib6",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Douglas, S., Kirkpatrick, A., MacKenzie, S., 1998. Testing pointing device performance and user assessment with the ISO 9241, part 9 standard. Proceedings of the CHI\u201998: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 336\u2013343.",
      "DOI": "10.1145/302979.303042"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Drascic, D., 1991. Skill acquisition and task performance in teleoperation using monoscopic and stereoscopic video remote viewing. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, pp. 1367\u20131371.",
      "DOI": "10.1177/154193129103501906"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "381",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0055392",
      "article-title": "The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement",
      "volume": "47",
      "author": "Fitts",
      "year": "1954",
      "journal-title": "Journal of Experimental Psychology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "103",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0045689",
      "article-title": "Information capacity of discrete motor responses",
      "volume": "67",
      "author": "Fitts",
      "year": "1964",
      "journal-title": "Journal of Experimental Psychology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "475",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0022970",
      "article-title": "Information capacity of discrete motor responses under different cognitive sets",
      "volume": "71",
      "author": "Fitts",
      "year": "1966",
      "journal-title": "Journal of Experimental Psychology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib11",
      "unstructured": "Guiard, Y., Ferrand, T., 2002. Does the index of difficulty measure difficulty? A note on Fitts\u2019 aimed-movement paradigm. A short version appears as Guiard, Y., Ferrand, T. (1998). Effets de gamme et optimum de difficult\u00e9 spatiale dans une t\u00e2che de pointage de Fitts. Science et Motricit\u00e9 34, 19\u201325, unpublished manuscript."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib12",
      "unstructured": "ISO, 2000. ISO 9241-9 International standard: Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual display terminals (VDTs)\u2014Part 9: Requirements for non-keyboard input devices: International Organization for Standardization."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib13",
      "unstructured": "Isokoski, P., Raisamo, R., 2002. Speed-accuracy measures in a population of six mice. Proceedings of the APCHI 2002: 5th Asia Pacific Conference on Computer Human Interaction). Science Press, Beijing, China, pp. 765\u2013777."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Kabbash, P., Buxton, W., 1995. The \u201cPrince\u201d technique: Fitts\u2019 law and selection using area cursor. Proceedings of the CHI\u201995: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Dever, CO, pp. 273\u2013279.",
      "DOI": "10.1145/223904.223939"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib15",
      "unstructured": "Lewis, J.R., Kennedy, P.J., LaLomia, M.J., 1992. Improved typing-key layouts for single-finger or stylus input (Technical Report No. TR 54.692): IBM Technical Report TR 54.692."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "323",
      "DOI": "10.1080/00222895.1989.10735486",
      "article-title": "A note on the information-theoretic basis for Fitts\u2019 law",
      "volume": "21",
      "author": "MacKenzie",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Journal of Motor Behavior"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib17",
      "unstructured": "MacKenzie, I.S., 1991. Fitts\u2019 law as a performance model in human\u2013computer interaction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "91",
      "DOI": "10.1207/s15327051hci0701_3",
      "article-title": "Fitts\u2019 law as a research and design tool in human\u2013computer interaction",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "MacKenzie",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Human\u2013Computer Interaction"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib19",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "MacKenzie, I.S., Buxton, W., 1992. Extending Fitts\u2019 law to two-dimensional tasks. Proceedings of the CHI\u201992: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 219\u2013226.",
      "DOI": "10.1145/142750.142794"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib20",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "MacKenzie, I.S., Jusoh, S., 2001. An evaluation of two input devices for remote pointing. Proceedings of the Eighth IFIP Working Conference on Engineering for Human\u2013Computer Interaction\u2014EHCI 2001. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 235\u2013249.",
      "DOI": "10.1007/3-540-45348-2_21"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib23",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "MacKenzie, I. S., Sellen, A., Buxton, W., 1991. A comparison of input devices in elemental pointing and dragging tasks. Proceedings of the CHI\u201991: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New Orleans, LA, pp. 161\u2013166.",
      "DOI": "10.1145/108844.108868"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib22",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "MacKenzie, I.S., Zhang, S.X., 1999. The design and evaluation of a high-performance soft keyboard. Proceedings of the CHI\u201999: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 25\u201331.",
      "DOI": "10.1145/302979.302983"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib21",
      "unstructured": "MacKenzie, I.S., Soukoreff, R.W., 2003. Card, English, and Burr (1978)\u201425 years later. Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems\u2014CHI 2003, pp. 760\u2013761."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "McGuffin, M., Balakrishnan, R., 2002. Acquisition of expanding targets. Proceedings of the CHI 2002: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI Letters 4(1). ACM, pp. 57\u201364.",
      "DOI": "10.1145/503376.503388"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib25",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Myers, B.A., Bhatnagar, R., Nichols, J., Peck, C.H., Kong, D., Miller, R., Long, A.C., 2002. Interacting at a distance: measuring the performance of laser pointers and other devices. Proceedings of the CHI 2002: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI Letters 4(1). ACM, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 33\u201340.",
      "DOI": "10.1145/503376.503383"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib26",
      "unstructured": "Oh, J.-Y., Stuerzlinger, W., 2002. Laser pointers as collaborative pointing devices. Proceedings of the Graphics Interface. A.K. Peters and CHCCS, pp. 141\u2013149."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib27",
      "unstructured": "Sallnas, E.-L., Zhai, S., 2003. Collaboration meets Fitts\u2019 law: passing virtual objects with and without haptic force feedback. Proceedings of the INTERACT 2003: IFIP Conference on Human\u2013Computer Interaction, pp. 97\u2013104."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib28",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "415",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0033-295X.86.5.415",
      "article-title": "Motor-output variability",
      "volume": "86",
      "author": "Schmidt",
      "year": "1979",
      "journal-title": "Psychological Review"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib29",
      "unstructured": "Silfverberg, M., MacKenzie, I.S., Kauppinen, T., 2001. An isometric joystick as a pointing device for handheld information terminals. Proceedings of the Graphics Interface. Canadian Information Processing Society, Toronto, Canada, pp. 119\u2013126."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib30",
      "first-page": "379",
      "article-title": "Theoretical upper and lower bounds on typing speeds using a stylus and keyboard",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "Soukoreff",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Behaviour & Information Technology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib31",
      "unstructured": "Welford, A.T., 1968. Fundamentals of Skill. London."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib32",
      "first-page": "1",
      "article-title": "The accuracy of voluntary movement",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "Woodworth",
      "year": "1899",
      "journal-title": "The Psychological Review, Series of Monograph Supplements"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Zhai, S., Morimoto, C., Ihde, S., 1999. Manual and gaze input cascaded (MAGIC) pointing. Proceedings of the CHI\u201999: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM Press, pp. 246\u2013253.",
      "DOI": "10.1145/302979.303053"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib34",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "89",
      "DOI": "10.1207/S15327051HCI172&3_4",
      "article-title": "Performance optimization of virtual keyboards",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Zhai",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Human\u2013Computer Interaction"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib35",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Zhai, S., Sue, A., Accot, J., 2002b. Movement model, hits distribution and learning in virtual keyboarding. Proceedings of the CHI 2002: ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI Letters 4(1). ACM, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 17\u201324.",
      "DOI": "10.1145/503376.503381"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib36",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Zhai, S., Conversy, S., Beaudouin-Lafon, M., Guiard, Y., 2003. Human on-line response to target expansion. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI Letters 5(1). ACM, Fort Lauderdale, FL, pp. 177\u2013184.",
      "DOI": "10.1145/642611.642644"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006_bib37",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Zhai, S., Kong, J., Ren, X., 2004. Speed-accuracy trade-off in Fitts\u2019 law tasks\u2014on the equivalency of actual and nominal pointing precision. International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Studies.",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.007"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "International Journal of Human-Computer Studies",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1071581904001041?httpAccept=text/xml",
      "content-type": "text/xml",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1071581904001041?httpAccept=text/plain",
      "content-type": "text/plain",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2020,
        4,
        3
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2020-04-03T20:07:53Z",
    "timestamp": 1585944473000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1071581904001041"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        12
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 37,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "6",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2004,
          12
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "S1071581904001041"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2004.09.006",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "1071-5819"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "International Journal of Human-Computer Studies",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        12
      ]
    ]
  }
}