DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022. The composition of Titan's stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS mid-infrared spectra

The composition of Titan's stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS mid-infrared spectra

10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022

Crossref journal-article

Elsevier BV

Icarus (78)

Bibliography

Coustenis, A., Achterberg, R. K., Conrath, B. J., Jennings, D. E., Marten, A., Gautier, D., Nixon, C. A., Flasar, F. M., Teanby, N. A., BÃ©zard, B., Samuelson, R. E., Carlson, R. C., Lellouch, E., Bjoraker, G. L., Romani, P. N., Taylor, F. W., Irwin, P. G. J., Fouchet, T., Hubert, A., â¦ Courtin, R. (2007). The composition of Titanâs stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS mid-infrared spectra. Icarus, 189(1), 35â62.

Authors 25

Athena Coustenis (first)
Richard K. Achterberg (additional)
Barney J. Conrath (additional)
Donald E. Jennings (additional)
André Marten (additional)
Daniel Gautier (additional)
Conor A. Nixon (additional)
F. Michael Flasar (additional)
Nick A. Teanby (additional)
Bruno Bézard (additional)
Robert E. Samuelson (additional)
Ronald C. Carlson (additional)
Emmanuel Lellouch (additional)
Gordon L. Bjoraker (additional)
Paul N. Romani (additional)
Fred W. Taylor (additional)
Patrick G.J. Irwin (additional)
Thierry Fouchet (additional)
Augustin Hubert (additional)
Glenn S. Orton (additional)
Virgil G. Kunde (additional)
Sandrine Vinatier (additional)
Jacqueline Mondellini (additional)
Mian M. Abbas (additional)
Regis Courtin (additional)

References 91 Referenced 367

10.1016/0022-2852(92)90559-7 / J. Mol. Spectrosc. / The bending energy levels of C4H2 by Arié (1992)
{'key': '10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib002', 'first-page': '1100', 'article-title': 'Detection of acetonitrile on Titan', 'volume': '25', 'author': 'Bézard', 'year': '1993', 'journal-title': 'Bull. Am. Astron. Soc.'} / Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. / Detection of acetonitrile on Titan by Bézard (1993)
10.1006/icar.1995.1023 / Icarus / Titan's stratospheric temperature asymmetry: A radiative origin? by Bézard (1995)
10.1016/S0022-4073(01)00011-5 / J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. / 10 micron ethylene: Spectroscopy, intensities and a planetary modeler's atlas by Blass (2001)
10.1006/icar.1998.5916 / Icarus / Deuterated water in Comet C/1995 B2 (Hyakutake) and its implications for the origin of comets by Bockelee-Morvan (1998)
10.1006/icar.1993.1117 / Icarus / Far infrared CIA spectra of N2–CH4 pairs for modeling of Titan's atmosphere by Borysov (1993)
10.1038/nature01302 / Nature / Direct detection of variable tropospheric clouds near Titan's south pole by Brown (2002)
10.1016/0019-1035(92)90053-A / Icarus / Titan: Evidence for seasonal change—A comparison of Hubble Space Telescope and Voyager images by Caldwell (1992)
10.1016/0019-1035(85)90118-6 / Icarus / Infrared spectra of gaseous mononitriles—Application to the atmosphere of Titan by Cerceau (1985)
10.1006/icar.1997.5772 / Icarus / Spatially-resolved images of Titan by means of adaptive optics by Combes (1997)
10.1006/icar.1995.1050 / Icarus / Titan's thermal emission spectrum: Reanalysis of the Voyager infrared measurements by Courtin (1995)
10.1006/icar.1995.1084 / Icarus / Titan's atmosphere from Voyager infrared observations. IV. Spatial variations of temperature and composition by Coustenis (1995)
10.1016/0019-1035(89)90161-9 / Icarus / Titan's atmosphere from Voyager infrared observations. I. The gas composition of Titan's equatorial region by Coustenis (1989)
10.1016/0019-1035(89)90024-9 / Icarus / Titan's atmosphere from Voyager infrared observations. II. The CH3D abundance and D/H ratio from the 900–1200 cm−1 spectral region by Coustenis (1989)
10.1016/0019-1035(91)90095-B / Icarus / Titan's atmosphere from Voyager infrared observations. III. The vertical distributions of hydrocarbons and nitriles near Titan's north pole by Coustenis (1991)
10.1006/icar.1993.1047 / Icarus / Modeling Titan's thermal infrared spectrum for high-resolution space observations by Coustenis (1993)
{'key': '10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib017', 'first-page': 'L85', 'article-title': "Evidence for water vapor in Titan's atmosphere from ISO/SWS data", 'volume': '136', 'author': 'Coustenis', 'year': '1998', 'journal-title': 'Astron. Astrophys.'} / Astron. Astrophys. / Evidence for water vapor in Titan's atmosphere from ISO/SWS data by Coustenis (1998)
10.1006/icar.2001.6643 / Icarus / Images of Titan at 1.3 and 1.6 microns with adaptive optics at the CFHT by Coustenis (2001)
10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00028-3 / Icarus / Titan's atmosphere from ISO mid-infrared spectroscopy by Coustenis (2003)
{'key': '10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib020', 'first-page': '543', 'article-title': "The chemical composition of Titan's stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS spectra", 'volume': '38', 'author': 'Coustenis', 'year': '2006', 'journal-title': 'Bull. Am. Astron. Soc.'} / Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. / The chemical composition of Titan's stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS spectra by Coustenis (2006)
10.1016/0022-2852(89)90147-1 / J. Mol. Spectrosc. / Spectral intensities in the ν4 band of benzene at 15 μm by Dang-Nhu (1989)
10.1126/science.1109919 / Science / Cassini RADAR views the surface of Titan by Elachi (2005)
10.1016/0019-1035(90)90122-P / Icarus / Titan's stratospheric temperatures: A case for dynamical inertia? by Flasar (1990)
10.1038/292693a0 / Nature / Titan's atmosphere: Temperature and dynamics by Flasar (1981)
10.1007/s11214-004-1454-9 / Space Sci. Rev. / Exploring the Saturn system in the thermal infrared: The composite infrared spectrometer by Flasar (2004)
10.1126/science.1111150 / Science / Titan's atmospheric temperatures, winds, and composition by Flasar (2005)
10.1038/nature04314 / Nature / Titan's physical characteristics measured by the Huygens Atmospheric Instrument (HASI) by Fulchignoni (2005)
10.1080/00268970500270583 / Mol. Phys. / The infrared spectrum of 12C2HD: The bending states up to ν4+ν5=3 by Fusina (2005)
{'key': '10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib029', 'first-page': '189', 'article-title': 'Deuterium in the Solar System', 'volume': '93', 'author': 'Geiss', 'year': '1981', 'journal-title': 'Astron. Astrophys.'} / Astron. Astrophys. / Deuterium in the Solar System by Geiss (1981)
10.1023/A:1005039822524 / Space Sci. Rev. / Abundances of deuterium and helium-3 in the protosolar cloud by Geiss (1998)
10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00201-X / Icarus / Methane in Oort cloud comets by Gibb (2003)
10.1086/444533 / Astrophys. J. / Observations of Titan's mesospshere by Griffith (2005)
10.1126/science.212.4491.192 / Science / Infrared observations of the saturnian system from Voyager 1 by Hanel (1981)
10.1126/science.215.4532.544 / Science / Infrared observations of the saturnian system from Voyager 2 by Hanel (1982)
{'key': '10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib035', 'series-title': 'Exploration of the Solar System by Infrared Remote Sensing', 'author': 'Hanel', 'year': '2003'} / Exploration of the Solar System by Infrared Remote Sensing by Hanel (2003)
10.1086/321355 / Astrophys. J. / A two-dimensional for the primordial nebula constrained by D/H measurements in the Solar System: Implications for the formation of giant planets by Hersant (2001)
Hersant, F., Gautier, D., Tobie, G., Lunine, J.I., 2006. Volatiles in Saturn and Titan: New lights from Cassini–Huygens. Icarus, submitted for publication
Hidayat, T., 1997. Observations heterodynes millimetriques et submillimetriques de Titan: Etude de la composition chimique de son atmosphère. Thèse de Doctorat, Université de Paris VII, 18 November, 1997
10.1006/icar.1996.5640 / Icarus / Millimeter and submillimeter heterodyne observations of Titan: Retrieval of the vertical profile of HCN and the 12C/13C ratio by Hidayat (1997)
10.1051/0004-6361:20053381 / Astron. Astrophys. / Monitoring atmospheric phenomena on Titan by Hirtzig (2006)
10.1006/icar.1995.1162 / Icarus / Numerical simulation of the general circulation of the atmosphere of Titan by Hourdin (1995)
10.1029/2004JE002282 / J. Geophys. Res. / Titan's stratospheric composition driven by condensation and dynamics by Hourdin (2004)
10.1016/S0022-4073(98)00111-3 / J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. / The 1997 spectroscopic GEISA databank by Jacquinet-Husson (1999)
Jolly, A., Bénilan, Y., Fayt, A. 2007. New infrared integrated intensities for HC3N and extensive line list for the ν5 and ν6 bending modes. J. Mol. Spectrosc., in press, doi:10.1016/j.jms.2007.01.008 (10.1016/j.jms.2007.01.008)
10.1086/429872 / Astrophys. J. / Nuclear spin temperature and deuterium to hydrogen ratio of methane in Comet C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) by Kawakita (2005)
10.1016/0019-1035(82)90007-0 / Icarus / The abundance of CH3D in the atmosphere of Titan from 8- to 14-micron thermal emission by Kim (1982)
10.1016/0022-2860(84)85019-X / J. Mol. Struct. / Measurement and absolute infrared intensities of acetylene: Fundamentals and combination bands by Koops (1984)
10.1038/292686a0 / Nature / C4H2, HC3N and C2N2 in Titan's atmosphere by Kunde (1981)
10.1126/science.1100240 / Science / Jupiter's atmospheric composition from the Cassini thermal infrared spectroscopy experiment by Kunde (2004)
10.1029/96JE02036 / J. Geophys. Res. / Vertical distributions of Titan's atmospheric neutral constituents by Lara (1996)
10.1006/icar.2001.6632 / Icarus / Seasonal variations of Titan's atmospheric composition by Lebonnois (2001)
10.1051/0004-6361:20010259 / Astron. Astrophys. / The deuterium abundance in Jupiter and Saturn from ISO-SWS observations by Lellouch (2001)
10.1016/0032-0633(93)90079-H / Planet. Space Sci. / Titan's atmospheric structure from Voyager 2 infrared spectra by Letourneur (1993)
10.1029/2001GL013728 / Geophys. Res. Lett. / Titan's smile and collar: HST observations of seasonal change 1994–2000 by Lorenz (2001)
{'key': '10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib055', 'series-title': 'Protostars and Planets III', 'first-page': '1149', 'article-title': 'Origins of outer-planets satellites', 'author': 'Lunine', 'year': '1993'} / Protostars and Planets III / Origins of outer-planets satellites by Lunine (1993)
10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00052-5 / Planet. Space Sci. / On the volatile inventory of Titan from isotopic abundances in nitrogen and methane by Lunine (1999)
10.1038/292683a0 / Nature / C3H8 and C3H4 in Titan's atmosphere by Maguire (1981)
{'key': '10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib058', 'article-title': "Laboratory simulation of complex chemistry in Titan's atmosphere", 'author': 'Mahaffy', 'year': '1990', 'journal-title': 'Research and Technology. Goddard Space Flight Center'} / Research and Technology. Goddard Space Flight Center / Laboratory simulation of complex chemistry in Titan's atmosphere by Mahaffy (1990)
10.1023/A:1005091806594 / Space Sci. Rev. / Galileo probe measurements of D/H and 3He/4He in Jupiter's atmosphere by Mahaffy (1998)
10.1006/icar.2002.6897 / Icarus / New millimeter heterodyne observations of Titan: Vertical distributions of nitriles HCN, HC3N, CH3CN, and the isotopic ratio 15N/14N in its atmosphere by Marten (2002)
10.1126/science.279.5357.1707 / Science / Deuterium in Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp): Detection of DCN by Meier (1998)
10.1006/icar.2000.6360 / Icarus / The surface of Titan from NICMOS observations with the Hubble Space Telescope by Meier (2000)
10.1051/0004-6361:20042117 / Astron. Astrophys. / Interferometric measurements of zonal winds on Titan by Moreno (2005)
10.1006/icar.2002.6930 / Icarus / The D/H ratio in methane in Titan: Origin and history by Mousis (2002)
10.1126/science.1119337 / Science / Parent Volatiles in Comet 90/Tempel 1: Before and after impact by Mumma (2005)
10.1038/nature04122 / Nature / The abundances of constituents of Titan's atmosphere from the GCMS instrument on the Huygens probe by Niemann (2005)
Orton, G., 1992. Ground-based observations of Titan's thermal spectrum. In: ESA SP-338, pp. 81-85
10.1086/444353 / Astrophys. J. / Measurements of CH3D and CH4 in Titan from infrared spectroscopy by Penteado (2005)
10.1038/nature03436 / Nature / Imaging of Titan from the Cassini spacecraft by Porco (2005)
10.1016/j.asr.2005.09.041 / Adv. Space Res. / Titan atmosphere database by Rannou (2005)
10.1007/BF00926897 / Orig. Life / Organic syntheses from CH4–N2 atmospheres: Implications for Titan by Raulin (1982)
10.1146/annurev.ea.05.050177.000433 / Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. / A review of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and chlorine stable isotopes fractionation among gaseous molecules by Richet (1977)
10.1086/344403 / Astrophys. J. / Titan's clouds from Gemini and Keck adaptive optics imaging by Roe (2002)
10.1086/379816 / Astrophys. J. / Propane on Titan by Roe (2003)
10.1016/j.icarus.2004.01.002 / Icarus / Seasonal variation of Titan's stratospheric ethylene (C2H4) observed by Roe (2004)
10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.10.008 / J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. / The HITRAN 2004 molecular spectroscopic database by Rothman (2005)
10.1029/JA088iA11p08709 / J. Geophys. Res. / CO2 on Titan by Samuelson (1983)
10.1016/S0032-0633(97)00090-1 / Planet. Space Sci. / Gaseous abundances and methane supersaturation in Titan's troposphere by Samuelson (1997)
10.1006/icar.1996.0023 / Icarus / Titan's surface revealed by HST imaging by Smith (1996)
10.1038/nature03596 / Nature / Release of volatiles from a possible cryovolcano from near-infrared imaging of Titan by Sotin (2005)
10.1016/j.icarus.2005.11.008 / Icarus / Latitudinal variations of HCN, HC3N and C2N2 in Titan's stratosphere derived from Cassini CIRS data by Teanby (2006)
10.1016/0019-1035(91)90068-5 / Icarus / Plasma discharge in N2 + CH4 at low pressures: Experimental results and applications to Titan by Thompson (1991)
10.1016/j.icarus.2004.12.007 / Icarus / Titan's internal structure inferred from a coupled thermal–orbital model by Tobie (2005)
10.1038/nature04497 / Nature / Episodic outgassing as the origin of atmospheric methane on Saturn's moon Titan by Tobie (2006)
10.1038/nature04126 / Nature / Results from the Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR) Instrument on the Huygens Probe of Titan by Tomasko (2005)
Vinatier, S., Bézard, B., Fouchet, T., Teanby, N.A., de Kok, R., Irwin, P.G.J., Conrath, B.J., Nixon, C.A., Romani, P.N., Flasar, F.M., Coustenis, A., 2007. Vertical abundance profiles of hydrocarbons in Titan's atmosphere at 15° S and 80° N retrieved from Cassini/CIRS spectra. Icarus, in press, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.10.031 (10.1016/j.icarus.2006.10.031)
10.1126/science.1110652 / Science / Ion neutral mass spectrometer results from the first flyby of Titan by Waite (2005)
{'key': '10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib088', 'first-page': '570', 'article-title': 'No oceans on Titan from the absence of near-infrared specular reflection', 'volume': '435', 'author': 'West', 'year': '2005', 'journal-title': 'Nature'} / Nature / No oceans on Titan from the absence of near-infrared specular reflection by West (2005)
10.1016/j.pss.2003.06.003 / Planet. Space Sci. / Chemical sources of haze formation in Titan's atmosphere by Wilson (2003)
10.1029/2002JE001896 / J. Geophys. Res. / Mechanisms for the formation of benzene in the atmosphere of Titan by Wilson (2003)
10.1086/190963 / Astrophys. J. Suppl. / Photochemistry of the atmosphere of Titan: Comparison between model and observations by Yung (1984)

Dates

Type	When
Created	18 years, 7 months ago (Jan. 27, 2007, 7:13 a.m.)
Deposited	2 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 21, 2023, 11:11 p.m.)
Indexed	4 days, 17 hours ago (Aug. 30, 2025, 12:44 p.m.)
Issued	18 years, 2 months ago (July 1, 2007)
Published	18 years, 2 months ago (July 1, 2007)
Published Print	18 years, 2 months ago (July 1, 2007)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Coustenis_2007, title={The composition of Titan’s stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS mid-infrared spectra}, volume={189}, ISSN={0019-1035}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022}, DOI={10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022}, number={1}, journal={Icarus}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Coustenis, Athena and Achterberg, Richard K. and Conrath, Barney J. and Jennings, Donald E. and Marten, André and Gautier, Daniel and Nixon, Conor A. and Flasar, F. Michael and Teanby, Nick A. and Bézard, Bruno and Samuelson, Robert E. and Carlson, Ronald C. and Lellouch, Emmanuel and Bjoraker, Gordon L. and Romani, Paul N. and Taylor, Fred W. and Irwin, Patrick G.J. and Fouchet, Thierry and Hubert, Augustin and Orton, Glenn S. and Kunde, Virgil G. and Vinatier, Sandrine and Mondellini, Jacqueline and Abbas, Mian M. and Courtin, Regis}, year={2007}, month=jul, pages={35–62} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        30
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-30T16:44:15Z",
    "timestamp": 1756572255202
  },
  "reference-count": 91,
  "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
  "issue": "1",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2007,
            7,
            1
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2007-07-01T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1183248000000
      },
      "content-version": "tdm",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/"
    },
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2007,
            7,
            1
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2007-07-01T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1183248000000
      },
      "content-version": "stm-asf",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-017"
    },
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2007,
            7,
            1
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2007-07-01T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1183248000000
      },
      "content-version": "stm-asf",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-037"
    },
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2007,
            7,
            1
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2007-07-01T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1183248000000
      },
      "content-version": "stm-asf",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-012"
    },
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2007,
            7,
            1
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2007-07-01T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1183248000000
      },
      "content-version": "stm-asf",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029"
    },
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2007,
            7,
            1
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2007-07-01T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1183248000000
      },
      "content-version": "stm-asf",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-004"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [
      "elsevier.com",
      "sciencedirect.com"
    ],
    "crossmark-restriction": true
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2007,
        7
      ]
    ]
  },
  "DOI": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2007,
        1,
        27
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2007-01-27T12:13:47Z",
    "timestamp": 1169900027000
  },
  "page": "35-62",
  "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/elsevier_cm_policy",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 367,
  "title": "The composition of Titan's stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS mid-infrared spectra",
  "prefix": "10.1016",
  "volume": "189",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Athena",
      "family": "Coustenis",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Richard K.",
      "family": "Achterberg",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Barney J.",
      "family": "Conrath",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Donald E.",
      "family": "Jennings",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Andr\u00e9",
      "family": "Marten",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Daniel",
      "family": "Gautier",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Conor A.",
      "family": "Nixon",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "F. Michael",
      "family": "Flasar",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Nick A.",
      "family": "Teanby",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Bruno",
      "family": "B\u00e9zard",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Robert E.",
      "family": "Samuelson",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Ronald C.",
      "family": "Carlson",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Emmanuel",
      "family": "Lellouch",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Gordon L.",
      "family": "Bjoraker",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Paul N.",
      "family": "Romani",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Fred W.",
      "family": "Taylor",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Patrick G.J.",
      "family": "Irwin",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Thierry",
      "family": "Fouchet",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Augustin",
      "family": "Hubert",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Glenn S.",
      "family": "Orton",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Virgil G.",
      "family": "Kunde",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Sandrine",
      "family": "Vinatier",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Jacqueline",
      "family": "Mondellini",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Mian M.",
      "family": "Abbas",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Regis",
      "family": "Courtin",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "78",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib001",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "195",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0022-2852(92)90559-7",
      "article-title": "The bending energy levels of C4H2",
      "volume": "155",
      "author": "Ari\u00e9",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "J. Mol. Spectrosc."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib002",
      "first-page": "1100",
      "article-title": "Detection of acetonitrile on Titan",
      "volume": "25",
      "author": "B\u00e9zard",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Bull. Am. Astron. Soc."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib003",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "267",
      "DOI": "10.1006/icar.1995.1023",
      "article-title": "Titan's stratospheric temperature asymmetry: A radiative origin?",
      "volume": "113",
      "author": "B\u00e9zard",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib004",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "47",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0022-4073(01)00011-5",
      "article-title": "10 micron ethylene: Spectroscopy, intensities and a planetary modeler's atlas",
      "volume": "71",
      "author": "Blass",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib005",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "147",
      "DOI": "10.1006/icar.1998.5916",
      "article-title": "Deuterated water in Comet C/1995 B2 (Hyakutake) and its implications for the origin of comets",
      "volume": "133",
      "author": "Bockelee-Morvan",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib006",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "175",
      "DOI": "10.1006/icar.1993.1117",
      "article-title": "Far infrared CIA spectra of N2\u2013CH4 pairs for modeling of Titan's atmosphere",
      "volume": "105",
      "author": "Borysov",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib007",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "795",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature01302",
      "article-title": "Direct detection of variable tropospheric clouds near Titan's south pole",
      "volume": "420",
      "author": "Brown",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib008",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0019-1035(92)90053-A",
      "article-title": "Titan: Evidence for seasonal change\u2014A comparison of Hubble Space Telescope and Voyager images",
      "volume": "96",
      "author": "Caldwell",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib009",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "207",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0019-1035(85)90118-6",
      "article-title": "Infrared spectra of gaseous mononitriles\u2014Application to the atmosphere of Titan",
      "volume": "62",
      "author": "Cerceau",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib010",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "482",
      "DOI": "10.1006/icar.1997.5772",
      "article-title": "Spatially-resolved images of Titan by means of adaptive optics",
      "volume": "129",
      "author": "Combes",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib011",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "144",
      "DOI": "10.1006/icar.1995.1050",
      "article-title": "Titan's thermal emission spectrum: Reanalysis of the Voyager infrared measurements",
      "volume": "114",
      "author": "Courtin",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib012",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "126",
      "DOI": "10.1006/icar.1995.1084",
      "article-title": "Titan's atmosphere from Voyager infrared observations. IV. Spatial variations of temperature and composition",
      "volume": "115",
      "author": "Coustenis",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib013",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "54",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0019-1035(89)90161-9",
      "article-title": "Titan's atmosphere from Voyager infrared observations. I. The gas composition of Titan's equatorial region",
      "volume": "80",
      "author": "Coustenis",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib014",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "67",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0019-1035(89)90024-9",
      "article-title": "Titan's atmosphere from Voyager infrared observations. II. The CH3D abundance and D/H ratio from the 900\u20131200 cm\u22121 spectral region",
      "volume": "82",
      "author": "Coustenis",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib015",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "152",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0019-1035(91)90095-B",
      "article-title": "Titan's atmosphere from Voyager infrared observations. III. The vertical distributions of hydrocarbons and nitriles near Titan's north pole",
      "volume": "89",
      "author": "Coustenis",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib016",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "240",
      "DOI": "10.1006/icar.1993.1047",
      "article-title": "Modeling Titan's thermal infrared spectrum for high-resolution space observations",
      "volume": "102",
      "author": "Coustenis",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib017",
      "first-page": "L85",
      "article-title": "Evidence for water vapor in Titan's atmosphere from ISO/SWS data",
      "volume": "136",
      "author": "Coustenis",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Astron. Astrophys."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib018",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "501",
      "DOI": "10.1006/icar.2001.6643",
      "article-title": "Images of Titan at 1.3 and 1.6 microns with adaptive optics at the CFHT",
      "volume": "154",
      "author": "Coustenis",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib019",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "383",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00028-3",
      "article-title": "Titan's atmosphere from ISO mid-infrared spectroscopy",
      "volume": "161",
      "author": "Coustenis",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib020",
      "first-page": "543",
      "article-title": "The chemical composition of Titan's stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS spectra",
      "volume": "38",
      "author": "Coustenis",
      "year": "2006",
      "journal-title": "Bull. Am. Astron. Soc."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib021",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "237",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0022-2852(89)90147-1",
      "article-title": "Spectral intensities in the \u03bd4 band of benzene at 15 \u03bcm",
      "volume": "134",
      "author": "Dang-Nhu",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "J. Mol. Spectrosc."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib022",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "970",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1109919",
      "article-title": "Cassini RADAR views the surface of Titan",
      "volume": "308",
      "author": "Elachi",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib023",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "346",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0019-1035(90)90122-P",
      "article-title": "Titan's stratospheric temperatures: A case for dynamical inertia?",
      "volume": "85",
      "author": "Flasar",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib024",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "693",
      "DOI": "10.1038/292693a0",
      "article-title": "Titan's atmosphere: Temperature and dynamics",
      "volume": "292",
      "author": "Flasar",
      "year": "1981",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib025",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "169",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s11214-004-1454-9",
      "article-title": "Exploring the Saturn system in the thermal infrared: The composite infrared spectrometer",
      "volume": "115",
      "author": "Flasar",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Space Sci. Rev."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib026",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "975",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1111150",
      "article-title": "Titan's atmospheric temperatures, winds, and composition",
      "volume": "308",
      "author": "Flasar",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib027",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "785",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature04314",
      "article-title": "Titan's physical characteristics measured by the Huygens Atmospheric Instrument (HASI)",
      "volume": "438",
      "author": "Fulchignoni",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib028",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3263",
      "DOI": "10.1080/00268970500270583",
      "article-title": "The infrared spectrum of 12C2HD: The bending states up to \u03bd4+\u03bd5=3",
      "volume": "103",
      "author": "Fusina",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Mol. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib029",
      "first-page": "189",
      "article-title": "Deuterium in the Solar System",
      "volume": "93",
      "author": "Geiss",
      "year": "1981",
      "journal-title": "Astron. Astrophys."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib030",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "239",
      "DOI": "10.1023/A:1005039822524",
      "article-title": "Abundances of deuterium and helium-3 in the protosolar cloud",
      "volume": "84",
      "author": "Geiss",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Space Sci. Rev."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib031",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "391",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00201-X",
      "article-title": "Methane in Oort cloud comets",
      "volume": "165",
      "author": "Gibb",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib032",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "L57",
      "DOI": "10.1086/444533",
      "article-title": "Observations of Titan's mesospshere",
      "volume": "629",
      "author": "Griffith",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Astrophys. J."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib033",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "192",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.212.4491.192",
      "article-title": "Infrared observations of the saturnian system from Voyager 1",
      "volume": "212",
      "author": "Hanel",
      "year": "1981",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib034",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "544",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.215.4532.544",
      "article-title": "Infrared observations of the saturnian system from Voyager 2",
      "volume": "215",
      "author": "Hanel",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib035",
      "series-title": "Exploration of the Solar System by Infrared Remote Sensing",
      "author": "Hanel",
      "year": "2003"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib036",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "391",
      "DOI": "10.1086/321355",
      "article-title": "A two-dimensional for the primordial nebula constrained by D/H measurements in the Solar System: Implications for the formation of giant planets",
      "volume": "554",
      "author": "Hersant",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Astrophys. J."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib037",
      "unstructured": "Hersant, F., Gautier, D., Tobie, G., Lunine, J.I., 2006. Volatiles in Saturn and Titan: New lights from Cassini\u2013Huygens. Icarus, submitted for publication"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib038",
      "unstructured": "Hidayat, T., 1997. Observations heterodynes millimetriques et submillimetriques de Titan: Etude de la composition chimique de son atmosph\u00e8re. Th\u00e8se de Doctorat, Universit\u00e9 de Paris VII, 18 November, 1997"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib039",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "170",
      "DOI": "10.1006/icar.1996.5640",
      "article-title": "Millimeter and submillimeter heterodyne observations of Titan: Retrieval of the vertical profile of HCN and the 12C/13C ratio",
      "volume": "126",
      "author": "Hidayat",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib040",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "761",
      "DOI": "10.1051/0004-6361:20053381",
      "article-title": "Monitoring atmospheric phenomena on Titan",
      "volume": "456",
      "author": "Hirtzig",
      "year": "2006",
      "journal-title": "Astron. Astrophys."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib041",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "358",
      "DOI": "10.1006/icar.1995.1162",
      "article-title": "Numerical simulation of the general circulation of the atmosphere of Titan",
      "volume": "117",
      "author": "Hourdin",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib042",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "DOI": "10.1029/2004JE002282",
      "article-title": "Titan's stratospheric composition driven by condensation and dynamics",
      "volume": "109",
      "author": "Hourdin",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "J. Geophys. Res."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib043",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "205",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0022-4073(98)00111-3",
      "article-title": "The 1997 spectroscopic GEISA databank",
      "volume": "62",
      "author": "Jacquinet-Husson",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib044",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Jolly, A., B\u00e9nilan, Y., Fayt, A. 2007. New infrared integrated intensities for HC3N and extensive line list for the \u03bd5 and \u03bd6 bending modes. J. Mol. Spectrosc., in press, doi:10.1016/j.jms.2007.01.008",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.jms.2007.01.008"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib045",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "L49",
      "DOI": "10.1086/429872",
      "article-title": "Nuclear spin temperature and deuterium to hydrogen ratio of methane in Comet C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)",
      "volume": "623",
      "author": "Kawakita",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Astrophys. J."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib046",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "473",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0019-1035(82)90007-0",
      "article-title": "The abundance of CH3D in the atmosphere of Titan from 8- to 14-micron thermal emission",
      "volume": "52",
      "author": "Kim",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib047",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "179",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0022-2860(84)85019-X",
      "article-title": "Measurement and absolute infrared intensities of acetylene: Fundamentals and combination bands",
      "volume": "125",
      "author": "Koops",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "J. Mol. Struct."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib048",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "686",
      "DOI": "10.1038/292686a0",
      "article-title": "C4H2, HC3N and C2N2 in Titan's atmosphere",
      "volume": "292",
      "author": "Kunde",
      "year": "1981",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib049",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1582",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1100240",
      "article-title": "Jupiter's atmospheric composition from the Cassini thermal infrared spectroscopy experiment",
      "volume": "305",
      "author": "Kunde",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib050",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "23261",
      "DOI": "10.1029/96JE02036",
      "article-title": "Vertical distributions of Titan's atmospheric neutral constituents",
      "volume": "101",
      "author": "Lara",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "J. Geophys. Res."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib051",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "384",
      "DOI": "10.1006/icar.2001.6632",
      "article-title": "Seasonal variations of Titan's atmospheric composition",
      "volume": "152",
      "author": "Lebonnois",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib052",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "610",
      "DOI": "10.1051/0004-6361:20010259",
      "article-title": "The deuterium abundance in Jupiter and Saturn from ISO-SWS observations",
      "volume": "370",
      "author": "Lellouch",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Astron. Astrophys."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib053",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "593",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0032-0633(93)90079-H",
      "article-title": "Titan's atmospheric structure from Voyager 2 infrared spectra",
      "volume": "41",
      "author": "Letourneur",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Planet. Space Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib054",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4453",
      "DOI": "10.1029/2001GL013728",
      "article-title": "Titan's smile and collar: HST observations of seasonal change 1994\u20132000",
      "volume": "28",
      "author": "Lorenz",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Geophys. Res. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib055",
      "series-title": "Protostars and Planets III",
      "first-page": "1149",
      "article-title": "Origins of outer-planets satellites",
      "author": "Lunine",
      "year": "1993"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib056",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1291",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00052-5",
      "article-title": "On the volatile inventory of Titan from isotopic abundances in nitrogen and methane",
      "volume": "47",
      "author": "Lunine",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Planet. Space Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib057",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "683",
      "DOI": "10.1038/292683a0",
      "article-title": "C3H8 and C3H4 in Titan's atmosphere",
      "volume": "292",
      "author": "Maguire",
      "year": "1981",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib058",
      "article-title": "Laboratory simulation of complex chemistry in Titan's atmosphere",
      "author": "Mahaffy",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Research and Technology. Goddard Space Flight Center"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib059",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "251",
      "DOI": "10.1023/A:1005091806594",
      "article-title": "Galileo probe measurements of D/H and 3He/4He in Jupiter's atmosphere",
      "volume": "84",
      "author": "Mahaffy",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Space Sci. Rev."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib060",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "532",
      "DOI": "10.1006/icar.2002.6897",
      "article-title": "New millimeter heterodyne observations of Titan: Vertical distributions of nitriles HCN, HC3N, CH3CN, and the isotopic ratio 15N/14N in its atmosphere",
      "volume": "158",
      "author": "Marten",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib061",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1707",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.279.5357.1707",
      "article-title": "Deuterium in Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale\u2013Bopp): Detection of DCN",
      "volume": "279",
      "author": "Meier",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib062",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "462",
      "DOI": "10.1006/icar.2000.6360",
      "article-title": "The surface of Titan from NICMOS observations with the Hubble Space Telescope",
      "volume": "145",
      "author": "Meier",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib063",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "319",
      "DOI": "10.1051/0004-6361:20042117",
      "article-title": "Interferometric measurements of zonal winds on Titan",
      "volume": "437",
      "author": "Moreno",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Astron. Astrophys."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib064",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "156",
      "DOI": "10.1006/icar.2002.6930",
      "article-title": "The D/H ratio in methane in Titan: Origin and history",
      "volume": "159",
      "author": "Mousis",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib065",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "270",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1119337",
      "article-title": "Parent Volatiles in Comet 90/Tempel 1: Before and after impact",
      "volume": "310",
      "author": "Mumma",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib066",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "779",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature04122",
      "article-title": "The abundances of constituents of Titan's atmosphere from the GCMS instrument on the Huygens probe",
      "volume": "438",
      "author": "Niemann",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib067",
      "unstructured": "Orton, G., 1992. Ground-based observations of Titan's thermal spectrum. In: ESA SP-338, pp. 81-85"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib068",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "L53",
      "DOI": "10.1086/444353",
      "article-title": "Measurements of CH3D and CH4 in Titan from infrared spectroscopy",
      "volume": "629",
      "author": "Penteado",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Astrophys. J."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib069",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "159",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature03436",
      "article-title": "Imaging of Titan from the Cassini spacecraft",
      "volume": "434",
      "author": "Porco",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib070",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2194",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.asr.2005.09.041",
      "article-title": "Titan atmosphere database",
      "volume": "36",
      "author": "Rannou",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Adv. Space Res."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib071",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "267",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00926897",
      "article-title": "Organic syntheses from CH4\u2013N2 atmospheres: Implications for Titan",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "Raulin",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "Orig. Life"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib072",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "11",
      "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.ea.05.050177.000433",
      "article-title": "A review of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and chlorine stable isotopes fractionation among gaseous molecules",
      "volume": "5",
      "author": "Richet",
      "year": "1977",
      "journal-title": "Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib073",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1399",
      "DOI": "10.1086/344403",
      "article-title": "Titan's clouds from Gemini and Keck adaptive optics imaging",
      "volume": "581",
      "author": "Roe",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Astrophys. J."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib074",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "L65",
      "DOI": "10.1086/379816",
      "article-title": "Propane on Titan",
      "volume": "597",
      "author": "Roe",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Astrophys. J."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib075",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "440",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.icarus.2004.01.002",
      "article-title": "Seasonal variation of Titan's stratospheric ethylene (C2H4) observed",
      "volume": "169",
      "author": "Roe",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib076",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "139",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.jqsrt.2004.10.008",
      "article-title": "The HITRAN 2004 molecular spectroscopic database",
      "volume": "96",
      "author": "Rothman",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib077",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "8709",
      "DOI": "10.1029/JA088iA11p08709",
      "article-title": "CO2 on Titan",
      "volume": "88",
      "author": "Samuelson",
      "year": "1983",
      "journal-title": "J. Geophys. Res."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib078",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "959",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0032-0633(97)00090-1",
      "article-title": "Gaseous abundances and methane supersaturation in Titan's troposphere",
      "volume": "45",
      "author": "Samuelson",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Planet. Space Sci."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib079",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "336",
      "DOI": "10.1006/icar.1996.0023",
      "article-title": "Titan's surface revealed by HST imaging",
      "volume": "119",
      "author": "Smith",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib080",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "786",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature03596",
      "article-title": "Release of volatiles from a possible cryovolcano from near-infrared imaging of Titan",
      "volume": "435",
      "author": "Sotin",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib081",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "243",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.icarus.2005.11.008",
      "article-title": "Latitudinal variations of HCN, HC3N and C2N2 in Titan's stratosphere derived from Cassini CIRS data",
      "volume": "181",
      "author": "Teanby",
      "year": "2006",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib082",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "57",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0019-1035(91)90068-5",
      "article-title": "Plasma discharge in N2 + CH4 at low pressures: Experimental results and applications to Titan",
      "volume": "90",
      "author": "Thompson",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib083",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "496",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.icarus.2004.12.007",
      "article-title": "Titan's internal structure inferred from a coupled thermal\u2013orbital model",
      "volume": "175",
      "author": "Tobie",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Icarus"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib084",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "61",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature04497",
      "article-title": "Episodic outgassing as the origin of atmospheric methane on Saturn's moon Titan",
      "volume": "440",
      "author": "Tobie",
      "year": "2006",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib085",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "765",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature04126",
      "article-title": "Results from the Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR) Instrument on the Huygens Probe of Titan",
      "volume": "438",
      "author": "Tomasko",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib086",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "unstructured": "Vinatier, S., B\u00e9zard, B., Fouchet, T., Teanby, N.A., de Kok, R., Irwin, P.G.J., Conrath, B.J., Nixon, C.A., Romani, P.N., Flasar, F.M., Coustenis, A., 2007. Vertical abundance profiles of hydrocarbons in Titan's atmosphere at 15\u00b0 S and 80\u00b0 N retrieved from Cassini/CIRS spectra. Icarus, in press, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.10.031",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.10.031"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib087",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "982",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1110652",
      "article-title": "Ion neutral mass spectrometer results from the first flyby of Titan",
      "volume": "308",
      "author": "Waite",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib088",
      "first-page": "570",
      "article-title": "No oceans on Titan from the absence of near-infrared specular reflection",
      "volume": "435",
      "author": "West",
      "year": "2005",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib089",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1017",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.pss.2003.06.003",
      "article-title": "Chemical sources of haze formation in Titan's atmosphere",
      "volume": "51",
      "author": "Wilson",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Planet. Space Sci."
    },
    {
      "issue": "E2",
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib090",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5014",
      "DOI": "10.1029/2002JE001896",
      "article-title": "Mechanisms for the formation of benzene in the atmosphere of Titan",
      "volume": "108",
      "author": "Wilson",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "J. Geophys. Res."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022_bib091",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "465",
      "DOI": "10.1086/190963",
      "article-title": "Photochemistry of the atmosphere of Titan: Comparison between model and observations",
      "volume": "55",
      "author": "Yung",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "Astrophys. J. Suppl."
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Icarus",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0019103507000279?httpAccept=text/xml",
      "content-type": "text/xml",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0019103507000279?httpAccept=text/plain",
      "content-type": "text/plain",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        2,
        22
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-02-22T04:11:03Z",
    "timestamp": 1677039063000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0019103507000279"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2007,
        7
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 91,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "1",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2007,
          7
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "S0019103507000279"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0019-1035"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Icarus",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2007,
        7
      ]
    ]
  },
  "assertion": [
    {
      "value": "Elsevier",
      "name": "publisher",
      "label": "This article is maintained by"
    },
    {
      "value": "The composition of Titan's stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS mid-infrared spectra",
      "name": "articletitle",
      "label": "Article Title"
    },
    {
      "value": "Icarus",
      "name": "journaltitle",
      "label": "Journal Title"
    },
    {
      "value": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022",
      "name": "articlelink",
      "label": "CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"
    },
    {
      "value": "article",
      "name": "content_type",
      "label": "Content Type"
    },
    {
      "value": "Copyright \u00a9 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.",
      "name": "copyright",
      "label": "Copyright"
    }
  ]
}