DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003. A role for astrocytes in motor neuron loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A role for astrocytes in motor neuron loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003

Crossref journal-article

Elsevier BV

Brain Research Reviews (78)

Bibliography

Barbeito, L. H., Pehar, M., Cassina, P., Vargas, M. R., Peluffo, H., Viera, L., EstÃ©vez, A. G., & Beckman, J. S. (2004). A role for astrocytes in motor neuron loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Research Reviews, 47(1â3), 263â274.

Authors 8

Luis H. Barbeito (first)
Mariana Pehar (additional)
Patricia Cassina (additional)
Marcelo R. Vargas (additional)
Hugo Peluffo (additional)
Liliana Viera (additional)
Alvaro G. Estévez (additional)
Joseph S. Beckman (additional)

References 141 Referenced 254

10.1080/01616412.1997.11740784 / Neurol. Res / Upregulation of protein tyrosine nitration in the anterior horn cells of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Abe (1997)
10.1212/WNL.57.7.1282 / Neurology / Immune reactivity in a mouse model of familial ALS correlates with disease progression by Alexianu (2001)
10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0722415.x / J. Neurochem / Inducible nitric oxide synthase up-regulation in a transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Almer (1999)
10.1016/0165-3806(93)90086-P / Dev. Brain Res / Neurite promoting activity of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I and nerve growth factor on spinal motoneurons is astrocyte dependent by Ang (1993)
10.1006/exnr.2001.7756 / Exp. Neurol / Glial cells of the spinal cord and subcortical white matter up-regulate neuronal nitric oxide synthase in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Anneser (2001)
10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80979-4 / Neuron / Aberrant RNA splicing in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Bai (1998)
10.1073/pnas.91.14.6501 / Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A / The p75 nerve growth factor receptor mediates survival or death depending on the stage of sensory neuron development by Barrett (1994)
10.1002/ana.410420416 / Ann. Neurol / Increased 3-nitrotyrosine in both sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Beal (1997)
10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01180-6 / Trends Neurosci / CD95–CD95L: can the brain learn from the immune system? by Becher (1998)
10.1016/0003-9861(92)90432-V / Arch. Biochem. Biophys / Kinetics of superoxide dismutase- and iron-catalyzed nitration of phenolics by peroxynitrite by Beckman (1992)
10.1016/S0076-6879(94)33026-3 / Methods Enzymol / Oxidative chemistry of peroxynitrite by Beckman (1994)
10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01981-0 / Trends Neurosci / Superoxide dismutase and the death of motoneurons in ALS by Beckman (2001)
10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00223-3 / Curr. Opin. Neurobiol / A neuron-glia signalling network in the active brain by Bezzi (2001)
10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199802)22:2<149::AID-GLIA6>3.0.CO;2-2 / Glia / 4-hydroxynonenal, a lipid peroxidation product, impairs glutamate transport in cortical astrocytes by Blanc (1998)
10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66052091.x / J. Neurochem / Induction of NOS inhibits gap junction permeability in cultures rat astrocytes by Bolaños (1996)
10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.64051965.x / J. Neurochem / Effect of peroxynitrite on the mitochondrial respiratory chain: differential susceptibility of neurons and astrocytes in primary cultures by Bolaños (1995)
10.1016/0304-3940(92)90762-V / Neurosci. Lett / Multiple sclerosis patients express increased levels of nerve growth factor in cerebrospinal fluid by Bracci-Laudiero (1992)
10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80272-X / Neuron / ALS-linked SOD1 mutant G85R mediates damage to astrocytes and promotes rapidly progressive disease with SOD1-containing inclusions by Bruijn (1997)
{'key': '10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB19', 'series-title': 'Glial Cell Function', 'first-page': '413', 'article-title': 'Adaptative responses of spinal astrocytes to oxidative stress', 'volume': 'vol. 132', 'author': 'Cassina', 'year': '2001'} / Glial Cell Function / Adaptative responses of spinal astrocytes to oxidative stress by Cassina (2001)
10.1002/jnr.10107 / J. Neurosci. Res / Peroxynitrite triggers a phenotypic transformation in spinal cord astrocytes that induces motor neuron apoptosis by Cassina (2002)
10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199603)16:3<276::AID-GLIA10>3.0.CO;2-X / Glia / Cytokine-stimulated astrocytes damage human neurons via a nitric oxide mechanism by Chao (1996)
10.1002/cne.903280303 / J. Comp. Neurol / A motor neuron-specific epitope and the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor display reciprocal patterns of expression during development, axotomy, and regeneration by Chiu (1993)
10.1126/science.1086071 / Science / Wild-type nonneuronal cells extend survival of SOD1 mutant motor neurons in ALS mice by Clement (2003)
10.1038/82122 / Nat. Med / Oxidation versus aggregation—how do SOD1 mutants cause ALS? by Cleveland (2000)
10.1038/35097565 / Nat. Rev., Neurosci / From Charcot to Lou Gehrig: deciphering selective motor neuron death in ALS by Cleveland (2001)
10.1016/0014-4886(86)90187-1 / Exp. Neurol / Effect of axotomy on perineuronal glial cells in the hypoglossal and dorsal motor vagal nuclei of the cat by Cova (1986)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-06-02540.1993 / J. Neurosci / Detection of NGF like activity in human brain tissue: increased levels in Alzheimer's disease by Crutcher (1993)
10.1007/s007020050088 / J. Neural Transm / Evaluation of neuronal loss, astrocytosis and abnormalities of cytoskeletal components of large motor neurons in the human anterior horn in aging by Cruz-Sanchez (1998)
10.1016/0028-3908(94)90045-0 / Neuropharmacology / Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase causes delayed neurotoxicity in primary mixed neuronal glial cortical cultures by Dawson (1994)
10.1002/ana.10374 / Ann. Neurol / Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition protects motor neurons and prolongs survival in a transgenic mouse model of ALS by Drachman (2002)
10.1002/glia.1107 / Glia / Immune function of astrocytes by Dong (2001)
10.1016/0165-3806(85)90135-X / Dev. Brain Res / Motoneurone survival is induced by immature astrocytes from developing avian spinal cord by Eagleson (1985)
10.1016/0306-4522(93)90380-X / Neuroscience / Molecular profile of reactive astrocytes: implications for their role in neurologic disease by Eddleston (1993)
10.1016/0896-6273(89)90049-4 / Neuron / Expression of nerve growth factor receptor mRNA is developmentally regulated and increased after axotomy in rat spinal cord motoneurons by Ernfors (1989)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-03-00923.1998 / J. Neurosci / Nitric oxide and superoxide contribute to motor neuron apoptosis induced by trophic factor deprivation by Estévez (1998)
10.1126/science.286.5449.2498 / Science / Induction of nitric oxide dependent apoptosis in motor neurons by zinc deficient superoxide dismutase by Estévez (1999)
10.1016/S0169-328X(96)00193-3 / Mol. Brain Res / Nerve growth factor mRNA and protein levels measured in the same tissue from normal and Alzheimer's disease parietal cortex by Fahnestock (1996)
10.1006/mcne.2001.1016 / Mol. Cell. Neurosci / The precursor pro nerve growth factor is the predominant form of nerve growth factor in brain and is increased in Alzheimer's disease by Fahnestock (2001)
10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02144.x / J. Neurochem / Defined inflammatory states in astrocyte cultures: correlation with susceptibility towards CD95 driven apoptosis by Falsig (2004)
10.1016/S0021-9258(17)31540-5 / J. Biol. Chem / Stable Mn(III) porphyrins mimic superoxide dismutase in vitro and substitute for it in vivo by Faulkner (1994)
{'key': '10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB41', 'volume': 'vol. 2', 'year': '1986'} (1986)
10.1002/ana.410420309 / Ann. Neurol / Increased 3 nitrotyrosine and oxidative damage in mice with a human copper/zinc superoxide dismutase mutation by Ferrante (1997)
10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.69052064.x / J. Neurochem / Evidence of increased oxidative damage in both sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Ferrante (1997)
10.1046/j.1365-2990.2000.00267.x / Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol / Fas and Fas-L expression in Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease by Ferrer (2000)
10.1007/s004010000325 / Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) / Fas and Fas ligand expression in Alzheimer's disease by Ferrer (2001)
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199801)34:1<1::AID-NEU1>3.0.CO;2-C / J. Neurobiol / Effects of facial nerve injury on mouse motoneurons lacking the p75 low affinity neurotrophin receptor by Ferri (1998)
10.1016/j.expneurol.2003.10.004 / Exp. Neurol / Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a distal axonopathy: evidence in mice and man by Fischer (2004)
10.1242/dev.126.4.683 / Development / Genetic evidence for cell death mediated by nerve growth factor and the neurotrophin receptor p75 in the developing mouse retina and spinal cord by Frade (1999)
10.1038/383166a0 / Nature / Induction of cell death by endogenous nerve growth factor through its p75 receptor by Frade (1996)
10.1002/glia.440030505 / Glia / Astrocytic reactions in spinal grey matter following sciatic axotomy by Gilmore (1990)
10.1083/jcb.101.6.2411 / J. Cell Biol / Peptides released by ameboid microglia regulate astroglial proliferation by Giulian (1985)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-02-00660.2000 / J. Neurosci / Restricted expression of G86R Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in astrocytes results in astrocytosis but does not cause motoneuron degeneration by Gong (2000)
10.1007/BF01674208 / J. Neurocytol / Delayed astrocyte reaction following facial nerve axotomy by Graeber (1988)
10.1126/science.8209258 / Science / Motor neuron degeneration in mice that express a human Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase mutation by Gurney (1994)
10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199807)23:3<249::AID-GLIA7>3.0.CO;2-# / Glia / Relationship of microglial and astrocytic activation to disease onset and progression in a transgenic model of familial ALS by Hall (1998)
10.1002/neu.10250 / J. Neurobiol / Sympathetic neurons synthesize and secrete pro nerve growth factor protein by Hasan (2003)
10.1016/0896-6273(94)90362-X / Neuron / Selective potentiation of NMDA induced neuronal injury following induction of astrocytic iNOS by Hewett (1994)
10.1074/jbc.270.20.12297 / J. Biol. Chem / The biosynthesis of neurotrophin heterodimers by transfected mammalian cells by Heymach (1995)
10.1212/WNL.47.4_Suppl_2.63S / Neurology / Neuropathology of ALS: an overview by Hirano (1996)
10.1212/WNL.55.8.1082 / Neurology / Glutamate transporter EAAT2 splice variants occur not only in ALS, but also in AD and controls by Honig (2000)
10.1073/pnas.95.2.675 / Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A / Uric acid, a natural scavenger of peroxynitrite, in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis by Hooper (1998)
10.1073/pnas.032539299 / Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A / Focal loss of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 in a transgenic rat model of SOD1 mutant mediated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by Howland (2002)
10.1016/S0167-4889(00)00101-4 / Biochim. Biophys. Acta / S100A6, a calcium and zinc binding protein, is overexpressed in SOD1 mutant mice, a model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Hoyaux (2000)
10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970602)382:2<189::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-# / J. Comp. Neurol / Expression of fibroblast growth factor 2 in hypoglossal motoneurons is stimulated by peripheral nerve injury by Huber (1997)
10.3109/10715769309145868 / Free Radic. Res. Commun / The reaction of NO with superoxide by Huie (1993)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-07-04206.1994 / J. Neurosci / Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) expression in degenerating motoneurons of the murine mutant wobbler: a neuronal signal for astrogliosis? by Junier (1994)
10.1126/science.1086137 / Science / Retrograde viral delivery of IGF 1 prolongs survival in a mouse model ALS model by Kaspar (2003)
{'key': '10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB68', 'first-page': '611', 'article-title': 'Pathological characterization of astrocytic hyaline inclusions in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis', 'volume': '151', 'author': 'Kato', 'year': '1997', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Pathol'} / Am. J. Pathol / Pathological characterization of astrocytic hyaline inclusions in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Kato (1997)
10.1016/0006-8993(91)90471-7 / Brain Res / Axotomy induces nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity in spinal motor neurons by Koliatsos (1991)
10.1007/BF01184069 / J. Neurocytol / Co induction of neuronal interferon gamma and nitric oxide synthase in rat motor neurons after axotomy: a role in nerve repair or death? by Kristensson (1994)
10.1097/00005072-199105000-00008 / J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol / Reactive astrogliosis is widespread in the subcortical white matter of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis brain by Kushner (1991)
10.1006/exnr.2002.8011 / Exp. Neurol / Elevated levels of neurotrophins in human biceps brachii tissue of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Kust (2002)
10.1080/14660820310012745 / Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Other Mot. Neuron Disord / Reduced p75NTR expression delays disease onset only in female mice of a transgenic model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Kust (2003)
10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00451.x / J. Neurochem / The glial glutamate transporter, GLT 1, is oxidatively modified by 4 hydroxy 2 nonenal in the Alzheimer's disease brain: the role of Abeta1 42 by Lauderback (2001)
10.1038/77046 / Nat. Genet / Gene expression profile of the ageing brain in mice by Lee (2000)
10.1126/science.1065057 / Science / Regulation of cell survival by secreted proneurotrophins by Lee (2001)
10.1126/science.3306916 / Science / The nerve growth factor 35 years later by Levi Montalcini (1987)
10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199912)28:3<215::AID-GLIA5>3.0.CO;2-C / Glia / Astrocytes interact intimately with degenerating motor neurons in mouse amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by Levine (1999)
10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80997-6 / Neuron / Aberrant RNA processing in a neurodegenerative disease: the cause for absent EAAT2, a glutamate transporter in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Lin (1998)
10.1080/146608201753275463 / Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Other Mot. Neuron Disord / A potential role for the p75 low affinity neurotrophin receptor in spinal motor neuron degeneration in murine and human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Lowry (2001)
10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02879.x / Eur. J. Neurosci / Expression and localization of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 in human sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Maihofner (2003)
{'key': '10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB82', 'series-title': 'Neuroglia in the Aging Brain', 'first-page': '17', 'article-title': 'Diversity in reactive astrocytes', 'author': 'Malhotra', 'year': '2002'} / Neuroglia in the Aging Brain / Diversity in reactive astrocytes by Malhotra (2002)
10.1002/mus.10191 / Muscle Nerve / Inflammatory processes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by McGeer (2002)
10.1046/j.1365-2990.1999.00200.x / Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol / Mechanisms of damage to myelin and oligodendrocytes and their relevance to disease by Merrill (1999)
10.1016/S0304-3940(98)01001-5 / Neurosci. Lett / S 100beta protein is upregulated in astrocytes and motor neurons in the spinal cord of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Migheli (1999)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-23-09246.2001 / J. Neurosci / Rats expressing human cytosolic copper zinc superoxide dismutase transgenes with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: associated mutations develop motor neuron disease by Nagai (2001)
10.1002/jnr.490380312 / J. Neurosci. Res / Reactive astrocytes are widespread in the cortical gray matter of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Nagy (1994)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4786-03.2004 / J. Neurosci / Exacerbation of motor neuron disease by chronic stimulation of innate immunity in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Nguyen (2004)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-11-03870.1989 / J. Neurosci / Gamma interferon like immunoreactivity in axotomized rat motor neurons by Olsson (1989)
10.1016/0014-4886(95)90042-X / Exp. Neurol / Motor neuron astrocyte interactions and levels of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by O'Really (1995)
10.1002/ana.410440518 / Ann. Neurol / Protein modification by the lipid peroxidation product 4 hydroxynonenal in the spinal cords of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients by Pedersen (1998)
M.A. Pehar, M.P. Cassina, M.R. Vargas, R.M. Castellanos, L. Viera, J.S. Beckman, A.G. Estevez, L. Barbeito, Astrocytic production of proNGF and motor neuron apoptosis in ALS, Program No. 96.18. (2003) Abstract. Society for Neuroscience, 2003 Online.
10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02357.x / J. Neurochem / Astrocytic production of nerve growth factor and motor neuron apoptosis: implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Pehar (2004)
10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00384-4 / Neurosci. Lett / Riluzole promotes survival of rat motoneurons in vitro by stimulating trophic activity produced by spinal astrocyte monolayers by Peluffo (1997)
{'key': '10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB95', 'first-page': '279', 'article-title': 'Total number of astrocytes in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of rats at different ages', 'volume': '18', 'author': 'Pilegaard', 'year': '1996', 'journal-title': 'Anal. Quant. Cytol. Histol'} / Anal. Quant. Cytol. Histol / Total number of astrocytes in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of rats at different ages by Pilegaard (1996)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-10-03369.2001 / J. Neurosci / Neuron specific expression of mutant superoxide dismutase 1 in transgenic mice does not lead to motor impairment by Pramatarova (2001)
10.1016/S0021-9258(20)64313-7 / J. Biol. Chem / Peroxynitrite oxidation of sulfhydryls. The cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide by Radi (1991)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-07-02627.2003 / J. Neurosci / Disruption of glial glutamate transport by reactive oxygen species produced in motor neurons by Rao (2003)
10.1083/jcb.147.5.1049 / J. Cell Biol / Programmed cell death of embryonic motoneurons triggered through the Fas death receptor by Raoul (1999)
10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00055-0 / Curr. Opin. Neurobiol / Active killing of neurons during development and following stress: a role for p75(NTR) and Fas? by Raoul (2000)
10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00905-4 / Neuron / Motoneuron death triggered by a specific pathway downstream of Fas. Potentiation by ALS linked SOD1 mutations by Raoul (2002)
10.1002/cne.902290109 / J. Comp. Neurol / The glial reaction in the course of axon regeneration: a stereological study of the rat hypoglossal nucleus by Reisert (1984)
10.1002/cne.903630207 / J. Comp. Neurol / Axotomy induces a different modulation of both low affinity nerve growth factor receptor and choline acetyltransferase between adult rat spinal and brainstem motoneurons by Rende (1995)
10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01139-9 / Trends Neurosci / Reactive astrocytes: cellular and molecular cues to biological function by Ridet (1997)
10.1016/j.nbd.2003.08.001 / Neurobiol. Dis / Glia activation and cytokine increase in rat hippocampus by kainic acid induced status epilepticus during postnatal development by Rizzi (2003)
10.1038/362059a0 / Nature / Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Rosen (1993)
10.1212/WNL.47.4_Suppl_2.19S / Neurology / Excitotoxicity hypothesis by Rothstein (1996)
10.1002/ana.410380114 / Ann. Neurol / Selective loss of glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Rothstein (1995)
10.1016/0166-2236(95)93890-A / Trends Neurosci / Cytokines and the nervous system: II. Actions and mechanisms of action by Rothwell (1995)
10.1056/NEJM200105313442207 / N. Engl. J. Med / Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Rowland (2001)
10.1016/S0197-4580(97)00169-3 / Neurobiol. Aging / Age related activation of microglia and astrocytes: in vitro studies show persistent phenotypes of aging, increased proliferation, and resistance to down regulation by Rozovsky (1998)
{'key': '10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB112', 'first-page': '69', 'article-title': 'Gap Junctions: biochemical properties and functional regulation under physiological and toxicological conditions', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'Saez', 'year': '1990', 'journal-title': 'In Vitro Toxicol'} / In Vitro Toxicol / Gap Junctions: biochemical properties and functional regulation under physiological and toxicological conditions by Saez (1990)
10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb09802.x / J. Neurochem / Maintenance of neuronal glutathione by glial cells by Sagara (1993)
10.1007/s004019900159 / Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) / Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 and 2 immunoreactivity in the spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Sasaki (2000)
10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01370-7 / Neurosci. Lett / iNOS and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Sasaki (2000)
10.1093/jnen/60.9.839 / J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol / Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in the spinal cords of transgenic mice with a G93A mutant SOD1 gene by Sasaki (2001)
10.1097/00001756-200105250-00014 / NeuroReport / EAAT1 and EAAT2 immunoreactivity in transgenic mice with a G93A mutant SOD1 gene by Sasaki (2001)
10.1016/0022-510X(96)00073-1 / J. Neurol. Sci / Reactive astrogliosis of the spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Schiffer (1996)
10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01672-6 / Trends Neurosci / The neurotrophin hypothesis for synaptic plasticity by Schinder (2000)
10.1016/0197-4580(96)00014-0 / Neurobiol. Aging / Astrocytes, brain aging, and neurodegeneration by Schipper (1996)
10.1016/0006-8993(93)90304-6 / Brain Res / Spinal cord motoneurons express p75NTR and p145trkB mRNA in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by Seeburger (1993)
{'key': '10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB122', 'first-page': '23', 'article-title': 'Pyruvate participation in the low molecular weight trophic activity for central nervous system neurons and glia', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Selak', 'year': '1985', 'journal-title': 'J. Neurochem'} / J. Neurochem / Pyruvate participation in the low molecular weight trophic activity for central nervous system neurons and glia by Selak (1985)
10.1007/s004410000217 / Cell Tissue Res / Developmental motoneuron cell death and neurotrophic factors by Sendtner (2000)
10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.64010266.x / J. Neurochem / Inflammatory mediator stimulation of astrocytes and meningeal fibroblasts induces neuronal degeneration via the nitridergic pathway by Skaper (1995)
10.1016/0092-8674(94)90048-5 / Cell / Functions of the neurotrophins during nervous system development: what the knockouts are teaching us by Snider (1994)
10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0750694.x / J. Neurochem / Astrocyte derived nitric oxide causes both reversible and irreversible damage to the neuronal mitochondrial respiratory chain by Stewart (2000)
10.1046/j.1468-1331.1998.550487.x / Eur. J. Neurol / Tissue nerve growth factor concentrations in neuromuscular diseases by Stuerenburg (1998)
10.1038/348443a0 / Nature / Non vesicular release of glutamate from glial cells by reversed electrogenic glutamate uptake by Szatkowski (1999)
10.1002/glia.440010110 / Glia / Increased glial fibrillary acidic protein synthesis in astrocytes during retrograde reaction of the rat facial nucleus by Tetzlaff (1988)
10.1016/S1044-7431(03)00022-8 / Mol. Cell. Neurosci / Persistent activation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase in a mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis correlates with disease progression by Tortarolo (2003)
10.1074/jbc.271.11.5976 / J. Biol. Chem / Peroxynitrite inhibits glutamate transporter subtypes by Trotti (1996)
10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02053.x / J. Neurochem / Antisense peptide nucleic acid mediated knockdown of the p75 neurotrophin receptor delays motor neuron disease in mutant SOD1 transgenic mice by Turner (2003)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-24-08526.2003 / J. Neurosci / Fas/tumor necrosis factor receptor death signaling is required for axotomy induced death of motoneurons in vivo by Ugolini (2003)
10.1016/0165-3806(92)90166-T / Dev. Brain Res / Distribution and relative density of p75 nerve growth factor receptors in the rat spinal cord as a function of age and treatment with antibodies to nerve growth factor by Urschel (1992)
10.1093/jnen/61.1.91 / J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol / Enhanced expression of NGF receptors in multiple sclerosis lesions by Valdo (2002)
10.1016/S0891-0618(98)00002-7 / J. Chem. Neuroanat / p75NGFR mediates death of cholinergic neurons during postnatal development of the neostriatum in mice by Van der Zee (1998)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-05-02924.1994 / J. Neurosci / Glutamate uptake inhibition by oxygen free radicals in rat cortical astrocytes by Volterra (1994)
10.1016/0531-5565(93)90003-V / Exp. Gerontol / Evidence that V+ fibronectin, GFAP and S100 beta mRNAs are increased in the hippocampus of aged rats by Wagner (1993)
10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00585.x / Eur. J. Neurosci / The role of p75NTR in modulating neurotrophin survival effects in developing motoneurons by Wiese (1999)
10.1006/exnr.1996.0153 / Exp. Neurol / Potential roles of gene expression change in adult rat spinal motoneurons following axonal injury: a comparison among c-jun, off affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) by Wu (1996)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.08-09-03481.1988 / J. Neurosci / An immunohistochemical study of the nerve growth factor receptor in developing rats by Yan (1988)

Dates

Type	When
Created	20 years, 9 months ago (Dec. 1, 2004, 12:43 p.m.)
Deposited	4 years, 2 months ago (June 30, 2021, 1:46 a.m.)
Indexed	42 minutes ago (Sept. 4, 2025, 10:20 a.m.)
Issued	20 years, 9 months ago (Dec. 1, 2004)
Published	20 years, 9 months ago (Dec. 1, 2004)
Published Print	20 years, 9 months ago (Dec. 1, 2004)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Barbeito_2004, title={A role for astrocytes in motor neuron loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis}, volume={47}, ISSN={0165-0173}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003}, DOI={10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003}, number={1–3}, journal={Brain Research Reviews}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Barbeito, Luis H. and Pehar, Mariana and Cassina, Patricia and Vargas, Marcelo R. and Peluffo, Hugo and Viera, Liliana and Estévez, Alvaro G. and Beckman, Joseph S.}, year={2004}, month=dec, pages={263–274} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        9,
        4
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-09-04T14:20:49Z",
    "timestamp": 1756995649763
  },
  "reference-count": 141,
  "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
  "issue": "1-3",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2004,
            12,
            1
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2004-12-01T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1101859200000
      },
      "content-version": "tdm",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        12
      ]
    ]
  },
  "DOI": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        12,
        1
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2004-12-01T17:43:08Z",
    "timestamp": 1101922988000
  },
  "page": "263-274",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 254,
  "title": "A role for astrocytes in motor neuron loss in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
  "prefix": "10.1016",
  "volume": "47",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Luis H.",
      "family": "Barbeito",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Mariana",
      "family": "Pehar",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Patricia",
      "family": "Cassina",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Marcelo R.",
      "family": "Vargas",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Hugo",
      "family": "Peluffo",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Liliana",
      "family": "Viera",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Alvaro G.",
      "family": "Est\u00e9vez",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Joseph S.",
      "family": "Beckman",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "78",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "124",
      "DOI": "10.1080/01616412.1997.11740784",
      "article-title": "Upregulation of protein tyrosine nitration in the anterior horn cells of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "19",
      "author": "Abe",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Neurol. Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1282",
      "DOI": "10.1212/WNL.57.7.1282",
      "article-title": "Immune reactivity in a mouse model of familial ALS correlates with disease progression",
      "volume": "57",
      "author": "Alexianu",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Neurology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2415",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0722415.x",
      "article-title": "Inducible nitric oxide synthase up-regulation in a transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "72",
      "author": "Almer",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurochem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "83",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0165-3806(93)90086-P",
      "article-title": "Neurite promoting activity of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I and nerve growth factor on spinal motoneurons is astrocyte dependent",
      "volume": "74",
      "author": "Ang",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Dev. Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "418",
      "DOI": "10.1006/exnr.2001.7756",
      "article-title": "Glial cells of the spinal cord and subcortical white matter up-regulate neuronal nitric oxide synthase in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "171",
      "author": "Anneser",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Exp. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB6",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "363",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80979-4",
      "article-title": "Aberrant RNA splicing in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "20",
      "author": "Bai",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Neuron"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "6501",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.91.14.6501",
      "article-title": "The p75 nerve growth factor receptor mediates survival or death depending on the stage of sensory neuron development",
      "volume": "91",
      "author": "Barrett",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "644",
      "DOI": "10.1002/ana.410420416",
      "article-title": "Increased 3-nitrotyrosine in both sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "42",
      "author": "Beal",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Ann. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "114",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01180-6",
      "article-title": "CD95\u2013CD95L: can the brain learn from the immune system?",
      "volume": "21",
      "author": "Becher",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Trends Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "438",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0003-9861(92)90432-V",
      "article-title": "Kinetics of superoxide dismutase- and iron-catalyzed nitration of phenolics by peroxynitrite",
      "volume": "298",
      "author": "Beckman",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Arch. Biochem. Biophys"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB11",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "229",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0076-6879(94)33026-3",
      "article-title": "Oxidative chemistry of peroxynitrite",
      "volume": "233",
      "author": "Beckman",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Methods Enzymol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "S15",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01981-0",
      "article-title": "Superoxide dismutase and the death of motoneurons in ALS",
      "volume": "24",
      "author": "Beckman",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Trends Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB13",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "387",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00223-3",
      "article-title": "A neuron-glia signalling network in the active brain",
      "volume": "11",
      "author": "Bezzi",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Curr. Opin. Neurobiol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "149",
      "DOI": "10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199802)22:2<149::AID-GLIA6>3.0.CO;2-2",
      "article-title": "4-hydroxynonenal, a lipid peroxidation product, impairs glutamate transport in cortical astrocytes",
      "volume": "22",
      "author": "Blanc",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Glia"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB15",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2091",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66052091.x",
      "article-title": "Induction of NOS inhibits gap junction permeability in cultures rat astrocytes",
      "volume": "66",
      "author": "Bola\u00f1os",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurochem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1965",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.64051965.x",
      "article-title": "Effect of peroxynitrite on the mitochondrial respiratory chain: differential susceptibility of neurons and astrocytes in primary cultures",
      "volume": "64",
      "author": "Bola\u00f1os",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurochem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB17",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "9",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0304-3940(92)90762-V",
      "article-title": "Multiple sclerosis patients express increased levels of nerve growth factor in cerebrospinal fluid",
      "volume": "147",
      "author": "Bracci-Laudiero",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Neurosci. Lett"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "327",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80272-X",
      "article-title": "ALS-linked SOD1 mutant G85R mediates damage to astrocytes and promotes rapidly progressive disease with SOD1-containing inclusions",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "Bruijn",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Neuron"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB19",
      "series-title": "Glial Cell Function",
      "first-page": "413",
      "article-title": "Adaptative responses of spinal astrocytes to oxidative stress",
      "volume": "vol. 132",
      "author": "Cassina",
      "year": "2001"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB20",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "21",
      "DOI": "10.1002/jnr.10107",
      "article-title": "Peroxynitrite triggers a phenotypic transformation in spinal cord astrocytes that induces motor neuron apoptosis",
      "volume": "67",
      "author": "Cassina",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurosci. Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB21",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "276",
      "DOI": "10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199603)16:3<276::AID-GLIA10>3.0.CO;2-X",
      "article-title": "Cytokine-stimulated astrocytes damage human neurons via a nitric oxide mechanism",
      "volume": "16",
      "author": "Chao",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Glia"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB22",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "351",
      "DOI": "10.1002/cne.903280303",
      "article-title": "A motor neuron-specific epitope and the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor display reciprocal patterns of expression during development, axotomy, and regeneration",
      "volume": "328",
      "author": "Chiu",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "J. Comp. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB23",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "113",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1086071",
      "article-title": "Wild-type nonneuronal cells extend survival of SOD1 mutant motor neurons in ALS mice",
      "volume": "302",
      "author": "Clement",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1320",
      "DOI": "10.1038/82122",
      "article-title": "Oxidation versus aggregation\u2014how do SOD1 mutants cause ALS?",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "Cleveland",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Nat. Med"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB25",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "806",
      "DOI": "10.1038/35097565",
      "article-title": "From Charcot to Lou Gehrig: deciphering selective motor neuron death in ALS",
      "volume": "2",
      "author": "Cleveland",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Nat. Rev., Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "662",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0014-4886(86)90187-1",
      "article-title": "Effect of axotomy on perineuronal glial cells in the hypoglossal and dorsal motor vagal nuclei of the cat",
      "volume": "93",
      "author": "Cova",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Exp. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB27",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2540",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-06-02540.1993",
      "article-title": "Detection of NGF like activity in human brain tissue: increased levels in Alzheimer's disease",
      "volume": "13",
      "author": "Crutcher",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB28",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "689",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s007020050088",
      "article-title": "Evaluation of neuronal loss, astrocytosis and abnormalities of cytoskeletal components of large motor neurons in the human anterior horn in aging",
      "volume": "105",
      "author": "Cruz-Sanchez",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "J. Neural Transm"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB29",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1425",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0028-3908(94)90045-0",
      "article-title": "Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase causes delayed neurotoxicity in primary mixed neuronal glial cortical cultures",
      "volume": "33",
      "author": "Dawson",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Neuropharmacology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB30",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "771",
      "DOI": "10.1002/ana.10374",
      "article-title": "Cyclooxygenase 2 inhibition protects motor neurons and prolongs survival in a transgenic mouse model of ALS",
      "volume": "52",
      "author": "Drachman",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Ann. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB31",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "180",
      "DOI": "10.1002/glia.1107",
      "article-title": "Immune function of astrocytes",
      "volume": "36",
      "author": "Dong",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Glia"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB32",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "95",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0165-3806(85)90135-X",
      "article-title": "Motoneurone survival is induced by immature astrocytes from developing avian spinal cord",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Eagleson",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "Dev. Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "15",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0306-4522(93)90380-X",
      "article-title": "Molecular profile of reactive astrocytes: implications for their role in neurologic disease",
      "volume": "54",
      "author": "Eddleston",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Neuroscience"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB34",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1605",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0896-6273(89)90049-4",
      "article-title": "Expression of nerve growth factor receptor mRNA is developmentally regulated and increased after axotomy in rat spinal cord motoneurons",
      "volume": "2",
      "author": "Ernfors",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Neuron"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB35",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "923",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-03-00923.1998",
      "article-title": "Nitric oxide and superoxide contribute to motor neuron apoptosis induced by trophic factor deprivation",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "Est\u00e9vez",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB36",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2498",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.286.5449.2498",
      "article-title": "Induction of nitric oxide dependent apoptosis in motor neurons by zinc deficient superoxide dismutase",
      "volume": "286",
      "author": "Est\u00e9vez",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB37",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "175",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0169-328X(96)00193-3",
      "article-title": "Nerve growth factor mRNA and protein levels measured in the same tissue from normal and Alzheimer's disease parietal cortex",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "Fahnestock",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Mol. Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB38",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "210",
      "DOI": "10.1006/mcne.2001.1016",
      "article-title": "The precursor pro nerve growth factor is the predominant form of nerve growth factor in brain and is increased in Alzheimer's disease",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "Fahnestock",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Mol. Cell. Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB39",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "181",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02144.x",
      "article-title": "Defined inflammatory states in astrocyte cultures: correlation with susceptibility towards CD95 driven apoptosis",
      "volume": "88",
      "author": "Falsig",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurochem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB40",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "23471",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0021-9258(17)31540-5",
      "article-title": "Stable Mn(III) porphyrins mimic superoxide dismutase in vitro and substitute for it in vivo",
      "volume": "268",
      "author": "Faulkner",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "J. Biol. Chem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB41",
      "volume": "vol. 2",
      "year": "1986"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB42",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "326",
      "DOI": "10.1002/ana.410420309",
      "article-title": "Increased 3 nitrotyrosine and oxidative damage in mice with a human copper/zinc superoxide dismutase mutation",
      "volume": "42",
      "author": "Ferrante",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Ann. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB43",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2064",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.69052064.x",
      "article-title": "Evidence of increased oxidative damage in both sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "69",
      "author": "Ferrante",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurochem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB44",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "424",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2990.2000.00267.x",
      "article-title": "Fas and Fas-L expression in Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease",
      "volume": "26",
      "author": "Ferrer",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB45",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "121",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s004010000325",
      "article-title": "Fas and Fas ligand expression in Alzheimer's disease",
      "volume": "102",
      "author": "Ferrer",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.)"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB46",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199801)34:1<1::AID-NEU1>3.0.CO;2-C",
      "article-title": "Effects of facial nerve injury on mouse motoneurons lacking the p75 low affinity neurotrophin receptor",
      "volume": "34",
      "author": "Ferri",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurobiol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB47",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "232",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.expneurol.2003.10.004",
      "article-title": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a distal axonopathy: evidence in mice and man",
      "volume": "185",
      "author": "Fischer",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Exp. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB48",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "683",
      "DOI": "10.1242/dev.126.4.683",
      "article-title": "Genetic evidence for cell death mediated by nerve growth factor and the neurotrophin receptor p75 in the developing mouse retina and spinal cord",
      "volume": "126",
      "author": "Frade",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Development"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB49",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "166",
      "DOI": "10.1038/383166a0",
      "article-title": "Induction of cell death by endogenous nerve growth factor through its p75 receptor",
      "volume": "383",
      "author": "Frade",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB50",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "342",
      "DOI": "10.1002/glia.440030505",
      "article-title": "Astrocytic reactions in spinal grey matter following sciatic axotomy",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "Gilmore",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Glia"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB51",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2411",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.101.6.2411",
      "article-title": "Peptides released by ameboid microglia regulate astroglial proliferation",
      "volume": "101",
      "author": "Giulian",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "J. Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB52",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "660",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-02-00660.2000",
      "article-title": "Restricted expression of G86R Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in astrocytes results in astrocytosis but does not cause motoneuron degeneration",
      "volume": "20",
      "author": "Gong",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB53",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "209",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF01674208",
      "article-title": "Delayed astrocyte reaction following facial nerve axotomy",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Graeber",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurocytol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB54",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1772",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.8209258",
      "article-title": "Motor neuron degeneration in mice that express a human Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase mutation",
      "volume": "264",
      "author": "Gurney",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB55",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "249",
      "DOI": "10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199807)23:3<249::AID-GLIA7>3.0.CO;2-#",
      "article-title": "Relationship of microglial and astrocytic activation to disease onset and progression in a transgenic model of familial ALS",
      "volume": "23",
      "author": "Hall",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Glia"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB56",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "38",
      "DOI": "10.1002/neu.10250",
      "article-title": "Sympathetic neurons synthesize and secrete pro nerve growth factor protein",
      "volume": "57",
      "author": "Hasan",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurobiol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB57",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "487",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0896-6273(94)90362-X",
      "article-title": "Selective potentiation of NMDA induced neuronal injury following induction of astrocytic iNOS",
      "volume": "13",
      "author": "Hewett",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Neuron"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB58",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "12297",
      "DOI": "10.1074/jbc.270.20.12297",
      "article-title": "The biosynthesis of neurotrophin heterodimers by transfected mammalian cells",
      "volume": "270",
      "author": "Heymach",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J. Biol. Chem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB59",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "S63",
      "DOI": "10.1212/WNL.47.4_Suppl_2.63S",
      "article-title": "Neuropathology of ALS: an overview",
      "volume": "47",
      "author": "Hirano",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Neurology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB60",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1082",
      "DOI": "10.1212/WNL.55.8.1082",
      "article-title": "Glutamate transporter EAAT2 splice variants occur not only in ALS, but also in AD and controls",
      "volume": "55",
      "author": "Honig",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Neurology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB61",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "675",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.95.2.675",
      "article-title": "Uric acid, a natural scavenger of peroxynitrite, in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis",
      "volume": "95",
      "author": "Hooper",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB62",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1604",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.032539299",
      "article-title": "Focal loss of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 in a transgenic rat model of SOD1 mutant mediated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)",
      "volume": "99",
      "author": "Howland",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB63",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "264",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0167-4889(00)00101-4",
      "article-title": "S100A6, a calcium and zinc binding protein, is overexpressed in SOD1 mutant mice, a model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "1498",
      "author": "Hoyaux",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Biochim. Biophys. Acta"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB64",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "189",
      "DOI": "10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970602)382:2<189::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-#",
      "article-title": "Expression of fibroblast growth factor 2 in hypoglossal motoneurons is stimulated by peripheral nerve injury",
      "volume": "382",
      "author": "Huber",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "J. Comp. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB65",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "195",
      "DOI": "10.3109/10715769309145868",
      "article-title": "The reaction of NO with superoxide",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "Huie",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Free Radic. Res. Commun"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB66",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4206",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-07-04206.1994",
      "article-title": "Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) expression in degenerating motoneurons of the murine mutant wobbler: a neuronal signal for astrogliosis?",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "Junier",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB67",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "839",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1086137",
      "article-title": "Retrograde viral delivery of IGF 1 prolongs survival in a mouse model ALS model",
      "volume": "301",
      "author": "Kaspar",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB68",
      "first-page": "611",
      "article-title": "Pathological characterization of astrocytic hyaline inclusions in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "151",
      "author": "Kato",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Am. J. Pathol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB69",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "297",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(91)90471-7",
      "article-title": "Axotomy induces nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity in spinal motor neurons",
      "volume": "549",
      "author": "Koliatsos",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB70",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "453",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF01184069",
      "article-title": "Co induction of neuronal interferon gamma and nitric oxide synthase in rat motor neurons after axotomy: a role in nerve repair or death?",
      "volume": "23",
      "author": "Kristensson",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurocytol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB71",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "263",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00005072-199105000-00008",
      "article-title": "Reactive astrogliosis is widespread in the subcortical white matter of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis brain",
      "volume": "50",
      "author": "Kushner",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB72",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "419",
      "DOI": "10.1006/exnr.2002.8011",
      "article-title": "Elevated levels of neurotrophins in human biceps brachii tissue of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "177",
      "author": "Kust",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Exp. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB73",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "100",
      "DOI": "10.1080/14660820310012745",
      "article-title": "Reduced p75NTR expression delays disease onset only in female mice of a transgenic model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "Kust",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Other Mot. Neuron Disord"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB74",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "413",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00451.x",
      "article-title": "The glial glutamate transporter, GLT 1, is oxidatively modified by 4 hydroxy 2 nonenal in the Alzheimer's disease brain: the role of Abeta1 42",
      "volume": "78",
      "author": "Lauderback",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurochem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB75",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "294",
      "DOI": "10.1038/77046",
      "article-title": "Gene expression profile of the ageing brain in mice",
      "volume": "25",
      "author": "Lee",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Nat. Genet"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB76",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1945",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1065057",
      "article-title": "Regulation of cell survival by secreted proneurotrophins",
      "volume": "294",
      "author": "Lee",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB77",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1154",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.3306916",
      "article-title": "The nerve growth factor 35 years later",
      "volume": "237",
      "author": "Levi Montalcini",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB78",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "215",
      "DOI": "10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199912)28:3<215::AID-GLIA5>3.0.CO;2-C",
      "article-title": "Astrocytes interact intimately with degenerating motor neurons in mouse amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)",
      "volume": "28",
      "author": "Levine",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Glia"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB79",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "589",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80997-6",
      "article-title": "Aberrant RNA processing in a neurodegenerative disease: the cause for absent EAAT2, a glutamate transporter in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "20",
      "author": "Lin",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Neuron"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB80",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "127",
      "DOI": "10.1080/146608201753275463",
      "article-title": "A potential role for the p75 low affinity neurotrophin receptor in spinal motor neuron degeneration in murine and human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "2",
      "author": "Lowry",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "Amyotroph. Lateral Scler. Other Mot. Neuron Disord"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB81",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1527",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02879.x",
      "article-title": "Expression and localization of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 in human sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "Maihofner",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Eur. J. Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB82",
      "series-title": "Neuroglia in the Aging Brain",
      "first-page": "17",
      "article-title": "Diversity in reactive astrocytes",
      "author": "Malhotra",
      "year": "2002"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB83",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "459",
      "DOI": "10.1002/mus.10191",
      "article-title": "Inflammatory processes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "26",
      "author": "McGeer",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Muscle Nerve"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB84",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "435",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2990.1999.00200.x",
      "article-title": "Mechanisms of damage to myelin and oligodendrocytes and their relevance to disease",
      "volume": "25",
      "author": "Merrill",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB85",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "25",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0304-3940(98)01001-5",
      "article-title": "S 100beta protein is upregulated in astrocytes and motor neurons in the spinal cord of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "261",
      "author": "Migheli",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Neurosci. Lett"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB86",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "9246",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-23-09246.2001",
      "article-title": "Rats expressing human cytosolic copper zinc superoxide dismutase transgenes with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: associated mutations develop motor neuron disease",
      "volume": "21",
      "author": "Nagai",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB87",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "336",
      "DOI": "10.1002/jnr.490380312",
      "article-title": "Reactive astrocytes are widespread in the cortical gray matter of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "38",
      "author": "Nagy",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurosci. Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB88",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1340",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4786-03.2004",
      "article-title": "Exacerbation of motor neuron disease by chronic stimulation of innate immunity in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "24",
      "author": "Nguyen",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB89",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3870",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.09-11-03870.1989",
      "article-title": "Gamma interferon like immunoreactivity in axotomized rat motor neurons",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "Olsson",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB90",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "203",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0014-4886(95)90042-X",
      "article-title": "Motor neuron astrocyte interactions and levels of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "131",
      "author": "O'Really",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Exp. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB91",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "819",
      "DOI": "10.1002/ana.410440518",
      "article-title": "Protein modification by the lipid peroxidation product 4 hydroxynonenal in the spinal cords of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients",
      "volume": "44",
      "author": "Pedersen",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Ann. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB92",
      "unstructured": "M.A. Pehar, M.P. Cassina, M.R. Vargas, R.M. Castellanos, L. Viera, J.S. Beckman, A.G. Estevez, L. Barbeito, Astrocytic production of proNGF and motor neuron apoptosis in ALS, Program No. 96.18. (2003) Abstract. Society for Neuroscience, 2003 Online."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB93",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "464",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02357.x",
      "article-title": "Astrocytic production of nerve growth factor and motor neuron apoptosis: implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "89",
      "author": "Pehar",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurochem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB94",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "207",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00384-4",
      "article-title": "Riluzole promotes survival of rat motoneurons in vitro by stimulating trophic activity produced by spinal astrocyte monolayers",
      "volume": "228",
      "author": "Peluffo",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Neurosci. Lett"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB95",
      "first-page": "279",
      "article-title": "Total number of astrocytes in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus of rats at different ages",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "Pilegaard",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Anal. Quant. Cytol. Histol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB96",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3369",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-10-03369.2001",
      "article-title": "Neuron specific expression of mutant superoxide dismutase 1 in transgenic mice does not lead to motor impairment",
      "volume": "21",
      "author": "Pramatarova",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB97",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4244",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0021-9258(20)64313-7",
      "article-title": "Peroxynitrite oxidation of sulfhydryls. The cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide",
      "volume": "266",
      "author": "Radi",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "J. Biol. Chem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB98",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2627",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-07-02627.2003",
      "article-title": "Disruption of glial glutamate transport by reactive oxygen species produced in motor neurons",
      "volume": "23",
      "author": "Rao",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB99",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1049",
      "DOI": "10.1083/jcb.147.5.1049",
      "article-title": "Programmed cell death of embryonic motoneurons triggered through the Fas death receptor",
      "volume": "147",
      "author": "Raoul",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J. Cell Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB100",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "111",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00055-0",
      "article-title": "Active killing of neurons during development and following stress: a role for p75(NTR) and Fas?",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "Raoul",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Curr. Opin. Neurobiol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB101",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1067",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00905-4",
      "article-title": "Motoneuron death triggered by a specific pathway downstream of Fas. Potentiation by ALS linked SOD1 mutations",
      "volume": "35",
      "author": "Raoul",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Neuron"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB102",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "121",
      "DOI": "10.1002/cne.902290109",
      "article-title": "The glial reaction in the course of axon regeneration: a stereological study of the rat hypoglossal nucleus",
      "volume": "229",
      "author": "Reisert",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "J. Comp. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB103",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "249",
      "DOI": "10.1002/cne.903630207",
      "article-title": "Axotomy induces a different modulation of both low affinity nerve growth factor receptor and choline acetyltransferase between adult rat spinal and brainstem motoneurons",
      "volume": "363",
      "author": "Rende",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J. Comp. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB104",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "570",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01139-9",
      "article-title": "Reactive astrocytes: cellular and molecular cues to biological function",
      "volume": "20",
      "author": "Ridet",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Trends Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB105",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "494",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.nbd.2003.08.001",
      "article-title": "Glia activation and cytokine increase in rat hippocampus by kainic acid induced status epilepticus during postnatal development",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "Rizzi",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Neurobiol. Dis"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB106",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "59",
      "DOI": "10.1038/362059a0",
      "article-title": "Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "362",
      "author": "Rosen",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB107",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "S19",
      "DOI": "10.1212/WNL.47.4_Suppl_2.19S",
      "article-title": "Excitotoxicity hypothesis",
      "volume": "47",
      "author": "Rothstein",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Neurology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB108",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "73",
      "DOI": "10.1002/ana.410380114",
      "article-title": "Selective loss of glial glutamate transporter GLT 1 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "38",
      "author": "Rothstein",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Ann. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB109",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "130",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0166-2236(95)93890-A",
      "article-title": "Cytokines and the nervous system: II. Actions and mechanisms of action",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "Rothwell",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Trends Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB110",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1688",
      "DOI": "10.1056/NEJM200105313442207",
      "article-title": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "344",
      "author": "Rowland",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "N. Engl. J. Med"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB111",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "97",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0197-4580(97)00169-3",
      "article-title": "Age related activation of microglia and astrocytes: in vitro studies show persistent phenotypes of aging, increased proliferation, and resistance to down regulation",
      "volume": "19",
      "author": "Rozovsky",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Neurobiol. Aging"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB112",
      "first-page": "69",
      "article-title": "Gap Junctions: biochemical properties and functional regulation under physiological and toxicological conditions",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "Saez",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "In Vitro Toxicol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB113",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1672",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb09802.x",
      "article-title": "Maintenance of neuronal glutathione by glial cells",
      "volume": "61",
      "author": "Sagara",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurochem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB114",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "138",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s004019900159",
      "article-title": "Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 and 2 immunoreactivity in the spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "100",
      "author": "Sasaki",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.)"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB115",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "44",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01370-7",
      "article-title": "iNOS and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "291",
      "author": "Sasaki",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Neurosci. Lett"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB116",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "839",
      "DOI": "10.1093/jnen/60.9.839",
      "article-title": "Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity in the spinal cords of transgenic mice with a G93A mutant SOD1 gene",
      "volume": "60",
      "author": "Sasaki",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB117",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1359",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00001756-200105250-00014",
      "article-title": "EAAT1 and EAAT2 immunoreactivity in transgenic mice with a G93A mutant SOD1 gene",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "Sasaki",
      "year": "2001",
      "journal-title": "NeuroReport"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB118",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "27",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0022-510X(96)00073-1",
      "article-title": "Reactive astrogliosis of the spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "139",
      "author": "Schiffer",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurol. Sci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB119",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "639",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01672-6",
      "article-title": "The neurotrophin hypothesis for synaptic plasticity",
      "volume": "23",
      "author": "Schinder",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Trends Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB120",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "467",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0197-4580(96)00014-0",
      "article-title": "Astrocytes, brain aging, and neurodegeneration",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Schipper",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Neurobiol. Aging"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB121",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "111",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(93)90304-6",
      "article-title": "Spinal cord motoneurons express p75NTR and p145trkB mRNA in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
      "volume": "621",
      "author": "Seeburger",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB122",
      "first-page": "23",
      "article-title": "Pyruvate participation in the low molecular weight trophic activity for central nervous system neurons and glia",
      "volume": "5",
      "author": "Selak",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurochem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB123",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "71",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s004410000217",
      "article-title": "Developmental motoneuron cell death and neurotrophic factors",
      "volume": "301",
      "author": "Sendtner",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Cell Tissue Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB124",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "266",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.64010266.x",
      "article-title": "Inflammatory mediator stimulation of astrocytes and meningeal fibroblasts induces neuronal degeneration via the nitridergic pathway",
      "volume": "64",
      "author": "Skaper",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurochem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB125",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "627",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(94)90048-5",
      "article-title": "Functions of the neurotrophins during nervous system development: what the knockouts are teaching us",
      "volume": "77",
      "author": "Snider",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Cell"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB126",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "694",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0750694.x",
      "article-title": "Astrocyte derived nitric oxide causes both reversible and irreversible damage to the neuronal mitochondrial respiratory chain",
      "volume": "75",
      "author": "Stewart",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurochem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB127",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "487",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1468-1331.1998.550487.x",
      "article-title": "Tissue nerve growth factor concentrations in neuromuscular diseases",
      "volume": "5",
      "author": "Stuerenburg",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Eur. J. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB128",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "443",
      "DOI": "10.1038/348443a0",
      "article-title": "Non vesicular release of glutamate from glial cells by reversed electrogenic glutamate uptake",
      "volume": "348",
      "author": "Szatkowski",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB129",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "90",
      "DOI": "10.1002/glia.440010110",
      "article-title": "Increased glial fibrillary acidic protein synthesis in astrocytes during retrograde reaction of the rat facial nucleus",
      "volume": "1",
      "author": "Tetzlaff",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Glia"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB130",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "180",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1044-7431(03)00022-8",
      "article-title": "Persistent activation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase in a mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis correlates with disease progression",
      "volume": "23",
      "author": "Tortarolo",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "Mol. Cell. Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB131",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5976",
      "DOI": "10.1074/jbc.271.11.5976",
      "article-title": "Peroxynitrite inhibits glutamate transporter subtypes",
      "volume": "271",
      "author": "Trotti",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "J. Biol. Chem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB132",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "752",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02053.x",
      "article-title": "Antisense peptide nucleic acid mediated knockdown of the p75 neurotrophin receptor delays motor neuron disease in mutant SOD1 transgenic mice",
      "volume": "87",
      "author": "Turner",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurochem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB133",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "8526",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-24-08526.2003",
      "article-title": "Fas/tumor necrosis factor receptor death signaling is required for axotomy induced death of motoneurons in vivo",
      "volume": "23",
      "author": "Ugolini",
      "year": "2003",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB134",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "261",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0165-3806(92)90166-T",
      "article-title": "Distribution and relative density of p75 nerve growth factor receptors in the rat spinal cord as a function of age and treatment with antibodies to nerve growth factor",
      "volume": "69",
      "author": "Urschel",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Dev. Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB135",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "91",
      "DOI": "10.1093/jnen/61.1.91",
      "article-title": "Enhanced expression of NGF receptors in multiple sclerosis lesions",
      "volume": "61",
      "author": "Valdo",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB136",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "129",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0891-0618(98)00002-7",
      "article-title": "p75NGFR mediates death of cholinergic neurons during postnatal development of the neostriatum in mice",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "Van der Zee",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "J. Chem. Neuroanat"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB137",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2924",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-05-02924.1994",
      "article-title": "Glutamate uptake inhibition by oxygen free radicals in rat cortical astrocytes",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "Volterra",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB138",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "135",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0531-5565(93)90003-V",
      "article-title": "Evidence that V+ fibronectin, GFAP and S100 beta mRNAs are increased in the hippocampus of aged rats",
      "volume": "28",
      "author": "Wagner",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Exp. Gerontol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB139",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1668",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00585.x",
      "article-title": "The role of p75NTR in modulating neurotrophin survival effects in developing motoneurons",
      "volume": "11",
      "author": "Wiese",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Eur. J. Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB140",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "190",
      "DOI": "10.1006/exnr.1996.0153",
      "article-title": "Potential roles of gene expression change in adult rat spinal motoneurons following axonal injury: a comparison among c-jun, off affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)",
      "volume": "141",
      "author": "Wu",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Exp. Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003_BIB141",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3481",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.08-09-03481.1988",
      "article-title": "An immunohistochemical study of the nerve growth factor receptor in developing rats",
      "volume": "8",
      "author": "Yan",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurosci"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Brain Research Reviews",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0165017304000700?httpAccept=text/xml",
      "content-type": "text/xml",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0165017304000700?httpAccept=text/plain",
      "content-type": "text/plain",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2021,
        6,
        30
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2021-06-30T05:46:22Z",
    "timestamp": 1625031982000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165017304000700"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        12
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 141,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "1-3",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2004,
          12
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "S0165017304000700"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.05.003",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0165-0173"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Brain Research Reviews",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2004,
        12
      ]
    ]
  }
}