DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00016-0. The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear

The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear

10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00016-0

Crossref journal-article

Elsevier BV

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (78)

Bibliography

Fendt, M., & Fanselow, M. S. (1999). The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 23(5), 743â760.

Authors 2

M. Fendt (first)
M.S. Fanselow (additional)

References 231 Referenced 834

{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB1', 'series-title': 'The midbrain periaqueductal gray matter', 'first-page': '151', 'article-title': 'The midbrain periaqueductal gray as a coordinator of action in response to fear and anxiety', 'author': 'Fanselow', 'year': '1991'} / The midbrain periaqueductal gray matter / The midbrain periaqueductal gray as a coordinator of action in response to fear and anxiety by Fanselow (1991)
10.1037/h0033521 / J Comp Physiol Psychol / Innate and conditioned reactions to threat in rats with amygdaloid lesions by Blanchard (1972)
10.1016/0023-9690(71)90016-6 / Learn Motiv / Defensive reactions in the albino rat by Blanchard (1971)
10.3758/BF03211975 / Anim Learn Behav / Effect of predictive cues on freezing in rats by Bolles (1976)
10.1037/h0075330 / Psychobiology / The behavior of white rats in the presence of cats by Griffith (1920)
10.1002/cne.902900305 / J Comp Neurol / Neuronal localisation of neuropeptide Y gene expression in the rat brain by Morris (1989)
10.1037/h0060166 / J Exp Psychol / Conditioned fear as revealed by magnitude of startle response to an auditory stimulus by Brown (1951)
10.1016/0166-4328(93)90102-V / Behav Brain Res / Fear-potentiated startle: a neural and pharmacological analysis by Davis (1993)
10.1037/0097-7403.11.3.421 / J Exp Psychol: Animal Behav Proc / Potentiated startle: its relation to freezing and shock intensity in rats by Leaton (1985)
10.1017/S0140525X0000491X / Behav Brain Sci / A perceptual-defensive-recuperative model of fear and pain by Bolles (1980)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB11', 'series-title': 'Classical conditioning. II. Current theory and research', 'article-title': 'The relationship among classically conditioned responses: heart rate and skeletal behavior', 'author': 'Black', 'year': '1972'} / Classical conditioning. II. Current theory and research / The relationship among classically conditioned responses: heart rate and skeletal behavior by Black (1972)
10.1016/0959-4388(92)90011-9 / Curr Op Neurobiol / Brain mechanisms of emotion and emotional learning by LeDoux (1992)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB13', 'series-title': 'Neurobiology of learning, emotion and affect', 'article-title': 'Neural mechanism of fear conditioning measured with the acoustic startle reflex', 'author': 'Davis', 'year': '1991'} / Neurobiology of learning, emotion and affect / Neural mechanism of fear conditioning measured with the acoustic startle reflex by Davis (1991)
10.1037/0735-7044.107.6.970 / Behav Neurosci / Emotion novelty and the startle reflex: habituation in humans by Bradley (1993)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB15', 'series-title': 'Negative motor phenomena', 'article-title': 'Physiology of startle phenomena', 'author': 'Brown', 'year': '1995'} / Negative motor phenomena / Physiology of startle phenomena by Brown (1995)
10.1017/S0033291700038137 / Psychol Med / From the jumping Frenchmen of Maine to posttraumatic stress disorder: the startle response in neuropsychiatry by Howard (1992)
10.1037/0033-295X.97.3.377 / Psychol Rev / Emotion attention and the startle reflex by Lang (1990)
10.1016/0031-9384(91)90423-L / Physiol Behav / Twenty-two kHz alarm cries to presentation of a predator by laboratory rats living in a visible burrow system by Blanchard (1991)
10.1037/h0048596 / J Comp Physiol Psychol / The relation between fear and exploratory behavior by Montgomery (1955)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB20', 'first-page': '67', 'article-title': 'The elevated T maze a new experimental model of anxiety and memory: effect of diazepam', 'volume': '26', 'author': 'Graeff', 'year': '1993', 'journal-title': 'Brazilian J Med Biol Res'} / Brazilian J Med Biol Res / The elevated T maze a new experimental model of anxiety and memory: effect of diazepam by Graeff (1993)
10.2307/1412730 / Am J Psychol / Notes on the psychic development of the white rat by Small (1899)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-03-00683.1984 / J Neurosci / Subcortical efferent projections of the geniculate nucleus mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli by LeDoux (1984)
10.1016/0091-3057(81)90219-7 / Pharmacol Biochem Behav / Conditioned defensive burying: a new paradigm for the study of anxiolytic agents by Treit (1981)
10.1037/0735-7044.109.4.648 / Behav Neurosci / Pavlovian conditional vocalizations of the rat: A model system for analyzing the fear of pain by Borszcz (1995)
10.1016/S0166-4328(05)80063-4 / Behav Brain Res / Acoustic startle induced ultrasonic vocalization in the rat: a novel animal model of anxiety by Kaltwasser (1991)
10.1007/BF02245590 / Psychopharmacology / Aggression anxiety and vocalizations in animals: GABAA and 5-HT anxiolytics by Miczek (1995)
10.1037/h0072340 / J Abn Social Psychol / Three cases of the “conditioned fear responses” by English (1929)
10.1016/0028-3908(74)90002-1 / Neuropharmacology / The conditioned emotional response (CER) as a baseline for the study of anti-anxiety drugs by Millenson (1974)
10.1007/BF02244893 / Psychopharmacology / Differential profile of the CCKB receptor antagonist CI-988 and diazepam in the four-plate test by Dooley (1993)
10.1007/BF00429273 / Psychopharmacologia / The effects of memprobamate barbiturates d-amphetamine and promazine on experimentally induced conflict in the rat by Geller (1960)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB31', 'series-title': 'The startle pattern', 'author': 'Landis', 'year': '1939'} / The startle pattern by Landis (1939)
10.1006/nlme.1996.0044 / Neurobiol Learn Memory / Habituation and sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats: amplitude threshold and latency measures by Pilz (1996)
10.1016/0165-0173(96)00004-5 / Brain Res Rev / The acoustic startle reflex: neurons and connections by Yeomans (1996)
10.1037/0735-7044.103.5.1075 / Behav Neurosci / Startle response measured in muscles innervated by facial and trigeminal nerves show common modulation by Caeser (1989)
10.1016/0031-9384(86)90499-3 / Physiol Behav / Fear conditioning prepulse inhibition and drug modulation of a short latency startle response measured electromyographically from neck muscles in the rat by Cassella (1986)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.02-06-00791.1982 / J Neurosci / A primary acoustic startle circuit: lesion and stimulation studies by Davis (1982)
10.1002/cne.903250403 / J Comp Neurol / Giant neurons in the caudal pontine reticular formation receive short latency acoustic input: an intracellular recording and HRP-study in the rat by Lingenhöhl (1992)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-03-01176.1994 / J Neurosci / Giant neurons in the rat reticular formation: a sensorimotor interface in the elementary acoustic startle circuit by Lingenhöhl (1994)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-11-03775.1996 / J Neurosci / A primary acoustic startle pathway: obligatory role of cochlear root neurons and the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis by Lee (1996)
10.1037/h0045861 / J Comp Physiol Psychol / Startle response: habituation over trials and days and sex and strain differences by Moyer (1963)
10.1037/0735-7044.107.6.981 / Behav Neurosci / Acoustic startle response and habituation in freezing and nonfreezing rats by Plappert (1993)
10.1037/0735-7044.103.3.495 / Behav Neurosci / Sensitization of the acoustic startle reflex by footshock by Davis (1989)
10.1007/BF00431631 / Psychopharmacology / Effects of clonidine on habituation and sensitization of acoustic startle in normal decerebrate and locus coeruleus lesioned rats by Davis (1977)
10.1037/h0022325 / J Comp Physiol Psychol / Acoustic variables in the modification of startle reaction in the rat by Hoffman (1965)
10.1177/026988119200600210 / J Psychopharmacol / The neural substrates of sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex: a review of recent findings and their implications by Swerdlow (1992)
10.1097/00001756-199605310-00024 / NeuroReport / Pleasure-attenuation of startle is disrupted by lesions of the nucleus accumbens by Koch (1996)
10.1006/nlme.1995.1037 / Neurobiol Learn Memory / Conditioned pleasure attenuates the startle response in rats by Schmid (1995)
10.1016/0166-4328(96)82984-6 / Behav Brain Res / Lesions of the central gray block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm by Fendt (1996)
10.1007/BF00433036 / Psychopharmacology / Noradrenergic agonists and antagonists: effects on conditioned fear as measured by the potentiated startle paradigm by Davis (1979)
10.1007/BF00426027 / Psychopharmacology / Diazepam and flurazepam: effects on conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm by Davis (1979)
10.1016/0014-2999(79)90063-3 / Eur J Pharmacol / Morphine and naloxone: effects on conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm by Davis (1979)
10.1007/BF00735872 / Psychopharmacology / Anxiolytic effects of buspirone and gepirone in the fear-potentiated startle paradigm by Kehne (1988)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB53', 'first-page': '248', 'article-title': 'Antagonists at the serotonin-3 receptor can reduce the fear-potentiated startle response in the rat: Evidence for different types of anxiolytic activity', 'volume': '268', 'author': 'Nevins', 'year': '1994', 'journal-title': 'J Pharmacol Exp Ther'} / J Pharmacol Exp Ther / Antagonists at the serotonin-3 receptor can reduce the fear-potentiated startle response in the rat: Evidence for different types of anxiolytic activity by Nevins (1994)
10.1016/0893-133X(89)90033-X / Neuropsychopharmacology / Potentiation of acoustic startle by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and by fear are both reversed by α-helical CRF (9-41) by Swerdlow (1989)
10.1016/0196-9781(95)02013-M / Peptides / The CCKB antagonist l-365, 260 attenuates fear-potentiated startle by Josselyn (1995)
10.1097/00008877-199504000-00001 / Behav Pharmacol / Behavioral effects of neuropeptide Y receptor agonists in the elevated plus-maze and fear-potentiated startle procedure by Broqua (1995)
10.1016/0014-2999(93)90397-Z / Eur J Pharmacol / Anxiolytic-like effects of N-methyl-d-aspartate-associated glycine receptor ligands in the rat potentiated startle test by Anthony (1993)
10.1007/BF00402740 / Psychopharmacologia / Motivational effects of drugs: methods which illustrate some general problems in psychopharmacology by Miller (1960)
10.1016/0091-3057(76)90247-1 / Pharmacol Biochem Behav / The startle response in rats: effects of ethanol by Pohorecky (1976)
10.1007/BF02245833 / Psychopharmacology / Predictive validity of the potentiated startle response as a behavioral model for anxiolytic drugs by Hijzen (1995)
10.2165/00023210-199402050-00007 / CNS Drugs / Future prospects for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety by Handley (1994)
10.1016/0165-6147(93)90020-K / Trends Pharmacol Sci / CCK in animal and human research on anxiety by Harro (1993)
10.1016/0924-977X(94)90002-7 / Eur Neuropsychopharmacol / New animal models of anxiety by Olivier (1994)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB64', 'series-title': 'Psychopharmacology: the fourth generation of progress', 'article-title': 'Pharmacological challenges in anxiety disorders', 'author': 'Price', 'year': '1995'} / Psychopharmacology: the fourth generation of progress / Pharmacological challenges in anxiety disorders by Price (1995)
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb44078.x / Ann New York Acad Sci / CCK schizophrenia and anxiety by Rasmussen (1994)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB66', 'series-title': 'Brain and evolution', 'first-page': '223', 'article-title': 'Sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats is sensitive to a change of the environment', 'author': 'Pilz', 'year': '1996'} / Brain and evolution / Sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats is sensitive to a change of the environment by Pilz (1996)
10.1037/0735-7044.112.5.1136 / Behav Neurosci / Shock sensitization of startle in rats: the role of contextual conditioning by Richardson (1998)
10.1016/S0166-4328(97)02296-1 / Behav Brain Res / The acoustic startle response in rats - circuits mediating evocation inhibition and potentiation by Koch (1997)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB69', 'series-title': 'The expression of the emotions an man and animals', 'author': 'Darwin', 'year': '1960'} / The expression of the emotions an man and animals by Darwin (1960)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB70', 'first-page': '534', 'article-title': 'An experimental study of acquired drives', 'volume': '38', 'author': 'Miller', 'year': '1941', 'journal-title': 'Psychol Bull'} / Psychol Bull / An experimental study of acquired drives by Miller (1941)
10.1037/h0042199 / J Comp Physiol Psychol / The conditioned emotional response as a function of intensity of the US by Annau (1961)
10.1037/h0062283 / J Exp Psychol / Some quantitative properties of anxiety by Estes (1941)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB73', 'first-page': '268', 'article-title': 'Freezing as an avoidance response: another look at the operant-respondent distinction', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'Bolles', 'year': '1973', 'journal-title': 'Learn Mem'} / Learn Mem / Freezing as an avoidance response: another look at the operant-respondent distinction by Bolles (1973)
10.1037/h0027676 / J Comp Physiol Psychol / Passive and active reactions to fear-eliciting stimuli by Blanchard (1969)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB75', 'first-page': '159', 'article-title': 'Preference for shock signals as a function of the temporal accuracy of the signals', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Collier', 'year': '1977', 'journal-title': 'Learn Mem'} / Learn Mem / Preference for shock signals as a function of the temporal accuracy of the signals by Collier (1977)
10.1037/h0077609 / J Comp Physiol Psychol / Naloxone and shock-eliciting freezing in the rat by Fanselow (1979)
10.3758/BF03199629 / Anim Learn Behav / Conditioned fear assessed by freezing and by the suppression of three different baselines by Bouton (1980)
10.1007/BF03001163 / Pav J Biol Sci / Conditioned and unconditioned components of post-shock freezing by Fanselow (1980)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB79', 'series-title': 'Evolution and learning', 'first-page': '185', 'article-title': 'A functional behavioristic approach to aversively motivated behavior: predatory imminence as a determinant of the topography of defensive behavior', 'author': 'Fanselow', 'year': '1988'} / Evolution and learning / A functional behavioristic approach to aversively motivated behavior: predatory imminence as a determinant of the topography of defensive behavior by Fanselow (1988)
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb14617.x / Ann New York Acad Sci / Conditioned fear-induced opiate analgesia: a competing motivational state theory of stress analgesia by Fanselow (1986)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-11-07099.1994 / J Neurosci / Lesions of the periaqueductal gray and rostral ventromedial medulla disrupt antinociceptive but not cardiovascular aversive conditional responses by Helmstetter (1994)
10.1016/0006-8993(83)91067-3 / Brain Res / Alpha-methyl-DOPA dissociates hypertension cardiovascular reactivity and emotional behavior in spontaneously hypertensive rats by LeDoux (1983)
10.1016/0006-8993(83)90915-0 / Brain Res / Strain differences in fear between spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats by LeDoux (1983)
10.1037/h0032537 / J Comp Physiol Psychol / Acute sympathectomy by 6-hydroxydopamine in the adult rat: effects on cardiovascular conditioning and fear retention by Pappas (1972)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB85', 'series-title': 'Learning, motivation, and cognition: the functional behaviorism of Robert C Bolles', 'first-page': '53', 'article-title': 'Developmental dissociation of the components of conditioned fear', 'author': 'Hunt', 'year': '1997'} / Learning, motivation, and cognition: the functional behaviorism of Robert C Bolles / Developmental dissociation of the components of conditioned fear by Hunt (1997)
10.1002/dev.420280404 / Dev Psychobiol / Delayed development of conditioned heart rate responses to auditory stimuli in the rat by Richardson (1995)
10.1016/0006-8993(90)90303-S / Brain Res / Cerebellar vermis: essential for classically conditioned bradycardia in the rat by Supple (1990)
10.1037/0735-7044.102.1.66 / Behav Neurosci / Dissociation of associative and nonassociative concomitants of classical fear conditioning in the freely behaving rat by Iwata (1988)
10.1016/0304-3959(77)90136-1 / Pain / Antinociception following lesion-induced hyperemotionality and conditioned fear by Chance (1978)
10.1016/0023-9690(82)90021-2 / Learn Motiv / Conditioned fear-induced opiate analgesia on the formalin test: evidence for two aversive motivational systems by Fanselow (1982)
10.1037/h0028589 / Psychol Rev / Species-specific defensive reactions and avoidance learning by Bolles (1970)
10.3758/BF03210947 / Psychol Bull Rev / Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear by Fanselow (1994)
10.1098/rstb.1888.0011 / Trans R Soc London / An investigation into the functions of the occipital and temporal lobes of the monkey's brain by Brown (1886)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB94', 'first-page': '461', 'article-title': 'Preliminary analysis of the temporal lobes in monkeys', 'volume': '42', 'author': 'Kluver', 'year': '1939', 'journal-title': 'Biol Psychiatry'} / Biol Psychiatry / Preliminary analysis of the temporal lobes in monkeys by Kluver (1939)
10.1037/h0088009 / J Comp Physiol Psychol / Behavioral changes associated with ablations of the amygdaloid complex in monkeys by Weiskrantz (1956)
10.1016/0013-4694(71)90111-8 / Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol / Reactivity of limbic neurons of the monkey to appetitive and aversive signals by Fuster (1971)
10.1016/0006-8993(82)90123-8 / Brain Res / Multiple unit activity recorded from amygdala central nucleus during Pavlovian heart conditioning in rabbit by Applegate (1982)
10.1016/0896-6273(95)90092-6 / Neuron / Fear conditioning enhances short-latency auditory responses of lateral amygdala neurons: parallel recordings in the freely behaving rat by Quirk (1995)
10.1037/0735-7044.107.3.444 / Behav Neurosci / Somatosensory and auditory convergence in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala by Romanski (1993)
10.1002/syn.890060306 / Synapse / Long-term synaptic potentiation in the amygdala by Chapman (1990)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-08-02818.1990 / J Neurosci / Synaptic plasticity in fear conditioning circuits: induction of LTP in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala by stimulation of the medial geniculate body by Clugnet (1990)
10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80524-3 / Neuron / Postsynaptic induction and PKA-dependent expression of LTP in the lateral amygdala by Huang (1998)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07548.1995 / J Neurosci / Synaptic plasticity in the basolateral amygdala induced by hippocampal formation stimulation in vivo by Maren (1995)
10.1007/BF00242185 / Exp Brain Res / NMDA and non-NMDA receptors contribute to synaptic transmission between the medial geniculate body and the lateral nucleus of the amygdala by Li (1995)
10.1038/37605 / Nature / Fear conditioning induces a lasting potentiation of synaptic currents in vivo by McKernan (1997)
10.1038/37601 / Nature / Fear conditioning induces associative long-term potentiation in the amygdala by Rogan (1997)
10.1037/0735-7044.99.2.191 / Behav Neurosci / Associative Learning modifies startle reflexes at the lateral lemniscus by Berg (1985)
10.1037/0735-7044.100.6.814 / Behav Neurosci / Pharmacological and anatomical analysis of fear conditioning using the fear-potentiated startle paradigm by Davis (1986)
10.1037/0735-7044.100.1.11 / Behav Neurosci / Lesions of the amygdala but not of the cerebellum or red nucleus block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm by Hitchcock (1986)
10.1016/0031-9384(87)90242-3 / Physiol Behav / Fear-potentiated startle using an auditory conditioned stimulus: effect of lesions of the amygdala by Hitchcock (1987)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB111', 'series-title': 'The amygdaloid complex', 'first-page': '343', 'article-title': 'A neuropharmacology of amygdala systems which contribute to learning and memory', 'author': 'Gallagher', 'year': '1981'} / The amygdaloid complex / A neuropharmacology of amygdala systems which contribute to learning and memory by Gallagher (1981)
10.1126/science.3738519 / Science / The neurobiology of learning and memory by Thompson (1986)
10.1037/0735-7044.105.6.817 / Behav Neurosci / A direct projection from the central nucleus of the amygdala to the acoustic startle pathway: anterograde and retrograde tracing studies by Rosen (1991)
10.1037/0735-7044.105.6.826 / Behav Neurosci / The efferent pathway of the amygdala involved in conditioned fear as measured with the fear-potentiated startle paradigm by Hitchcock (1991)
10.1037/0735-7044.102.2.195 / Behav Neurosci / Enhancement of acoustic startle by electrical stimulation of the amygdala by Rosen (1988)
10.1016/0031-9384(88)90354-X / Physiol Behav / Temporal characteristics of enhancement of startle by stimulation of the amygdala by Rosen (1988)
10.1016/0031-9384(90)90325-X / Physiol Behav / Enhancement of electrically elicited startle by amygdaloid stimulation by Rosen (1990)
10.1007/BF00228390 / Exp Brain Res / Enhancement of the acoustic startle response by stimulation of an excitatory pathway from the central amygdala/basal nucleus of Meynert to the pontine reticular formation by Koch (1993)
10.1016/0006-8993(93)90500-M / Brain Res / Microinjections of the metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, trans-(+/−)-1-amino-cyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate (trans-ACPD) into the amygdala increase the acoustic startle response of rats by Koch (1993)
10.1037/0735-7044.106.3.569 / Behav Neurosci / Intra-amygdaloid infusion of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist AP5 blocks acquisition but not expression of fear-potentiated startle to an auditory conditioned stimulus by Campeau (1992)
10.1016/0006-8993(92)90887-F / Brain Res / Involvement of pertussis toxin sensitive G-proteins in conditioned fear-potentiated startle: possible involvement of the amygdala by Melia (1992)
10.1038/345716a0 / Nature / Blocking of acquisition but not expression of conditioned fear-potentiated startle by NMDA antagonists in the amygdala by Miserendino (1990)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-03-00854.1992 / J Neurosci / Extinction of fear-potentiated startle: blockade by infusion of an NMDA antagonist into the amygdala by Falls (1992)
10.1038/41325 / Nature / Second-order fear conditioning prevented by blocking NMDA receptors in amygdala by Gewirtz (1997)
10.1016/0006-8993(83)90548-6 / Brain Res / A visual pathway that mediates fear-conditioned enhancement of acoustic startle by Tischler (1983)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-03-02312.1995 / J Neurosci / Involvement of subcortical and cortical afferents to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle in rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli by Campeau (1995)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-03-02301.1995 / J Neurosci / Involvement of the central nucleus and basolateral complex of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle in rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli by Campeau (1995)
10.1016/0163-1047(93)90504-B / Behav Neural Biol / Visual cortex ablations do not prevent extinction of fear-potentiated startle using a visual conditioned stimulus by Falls (1993)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-12-04624.1992 / J Neurosci / Lesions of the perirhinal cortex but not of the frontal medial pre-frontal visual or insular cortex block fear-potentiated startle using a visual conditioned stimulus by Rosen (1992)
10.1016/0091-3057(94)90532-0 / Pharmacol Biochem Behav / Amygdaloid noradrenaline is involved in the sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats by Fendt (1994)
10.1016/0306-4522(93)90618-P / Neuroscience / Response of locus coeruleus neurons to footshock stimulation is mediated by neurons in the rostral ventral medulla by Chiang (1993)
10.1006/nlme.1996.0067 / Neurobiol Learn Mem / Norepinephrine release in the amygdala in response to footshock stimulation by Galvez (1996)
10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00795-1 / Brain Res / Norepinephrine release in the amygdala in response to footshock and opioid peptidergic drugs by Quirarte (1998)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB134', 'series-title': 'The amygdaloid complex', 'first-page': '175', 'article-title': 'Histochemical characterization of dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic projections to the amygdala', 'author': 'Fallon', 'year': '1981'} / The amygdaloid complex / Histochemical characterization of dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic projections to the amygdala by Fallon (1981)
10.1152/jn.1990.63.3.473 / J Neurophysiol / The spino(trigemino)pontoamygdaloid pathway: electrophysiological evidence for an involvement in pain processes by Bernard (1990)
10.1016/0166-2236(94)90106-6 / Trends Neurosci / Neurotransmission in the rat amygdala related to fear and anxiety by Davis (1994)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB137', 'series-title': 'The amygdala: neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction', 'first-page': '115', 'article-title': 'Neuropeptides: cellular morphology, major pathways, and functional considerations', 'author': 'Roberts', 'year': '1992'} / The amygdala: neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction / Neuropeptides: cellular morphology, major pathways, and functional considerations by Roberts (1992)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB138', 'series-title': 'The amygdala: neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction', 'first-page': '67', 'article-title': 'Cell types and intrinsic connections of the amygdala', 'author': 'McDonald', 'year': '1992'} / The amygdala: neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction / Cell types and intrinsic connections of the amygdala by McDonald (1992)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB139', 'first-page': '627.12', 'article-title': 'Anatomical tracing and lesion studies of pain pathways involved in fear conditioning measured with fear potentiated startle', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'Shi', 'year': '1997', 'journal-title': 'Soc Neurosci Abstr'} / Soc Neurosci Abstr / Anatomical tracing and lesion studies of pain pathways involved in fear conditioning measured with fear potentiated startle by Shi (1997)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-01-00420.1999 / J Neurosci / Pain pathways involved in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle: lesion studies by Shi (1999)
10.1016/0163-1047(93)91075-X / Behav Neural Biol / Infusion of the non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX into the amygdala blocks the expression of fear-potentiated startle by Kim (1993)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-23-09375.1997 / J Neurosci / Double dissociation between the involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the central nucleus of the amygdala in startle increases produced by conditioned versus unconditioned fear by Walker (1997)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-05-01838.1997 / J Neurosci / Activation of amygdala cholecystokininB receptors potentiates the acoustic startle response in the rat by Frankland (1997)
10.1016/0006-8993(96)00756-1 / Brain Res / Intracerebroventricular infusion of the CCKB receptor agonist pentagastrin potentiates acoustic startle by Frankland (1996)
10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01400.x / Eur J Neurosci / Corticotropin-releasing factor is involved in the expression of fear-potentiated startle: an anatomical electrophysiological and behavioral study by Fendt (1997)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB146', 'first-page': '142', 'article-title': 'Enhancement of auditory responses of pontine reticular brainstem neurons by glutamate and stimulation of the amygdaloid complex', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Koch', 'year': '1992', 'journal-title': 'Eur J Neurosci'} / Eur J Neurosci / Enhancement of auditory responses of pontine reticular brainstem neurons by glutamate and stimulation of the amygdaloid complex by Koch (1992)
10.1016/S0014-2999(96)00749-2 / Eur J Pharmacol / NMDA receptors in the pontine brainstem are necessary for fear-potentiation of the startle response by Fendt (1996)
10.1097/00001756-199205000-00013 / NeuroReport / Glutamate receptors mediate acoustic input to the reticular brain stem by Ebert (1992)
10.1097/00001756-199301000-00003 / NeuroReport / Glutamate antagonists in the reticular formation reduce the acoustic startle response by Krase (1993)
10.1016/0006-8993(93)91430-Z / Brain Res / NMDA and non-NMDA antagonists infused into the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis depress the acoustic startle reflex by Miserendino (1993)
10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01309-7 / Brain Res / Modulation of the acoustic startle reflex by infusion of corticotropin-releasing hormone into the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis by Birnbaum (1998)
10.1037/0097-7403.23.1.3 / J Exp Psychol: Animal Behav Proc / Inhibition of fear-potentiated startle can be detected after the offset of a feature trained in a serial feature-negative discrimination by Falls (1997)
10.1037/0735-7044.109.3.379 / Behav Neurosci / Lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala block conditioned excitation but not conditioned inhibition of fear as measured with the fear-potentiated startle effect by Falls (1995)
10.1016/0006-8993(86)90020-X / Brain Res / Intrinsic neurons in the amygdaloid field projected to by the medial geniculate body mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli by Iwata (1986)
10.1016/0031-9384(79)90304-4 / Physiol Behav / Amygdala central nucleus lesions: effect on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit by Kapp (1979)
10.1016/0031-9384(92)90320-2 / Physiol Behav / Contribution of the amygdala to learning and performance of conditional fear by Helmstetter (1992)
10.1037/0735-7044.107.2.402 / Behav Neurosci / The amygdala is necessary for the expression of conditioned but not unconditioned analgesia by Watkins (1993)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-15-04787.1996 / J Neurosci / Role of the amygdala in the coordination of behavioral neuroendocrine and prefrontal cortical monoamine responses to psychological stress in the rat by Goldstein (1996)
10.1037/0735-7044.108.1.210 / Behav Neurosci / Acquisition of contextual Pavlovian fear conditioning is blocked by application of an NMDA receptor antagonist d,l-2-amino-5-phoshonovaleric acid to the basolateral amygdala by Fanselow (1994)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-20-08444.1998 / J Neurosci / Amygdalar NMDA receptors are critical for new fear learning in previously fear-conditioned rats by Lee (1998)
10.1037/0735-7044.110.6.1365 / Behav Neurosci / N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the basolateral amygdala are required for both acquisition and expression and expression of conditioned fear in rats by Maren (1996)
10.1016/0091-3057(93)90487-E / Pharmacol Biochem Behav / Stress-induced hypoalgesia and defensive freezing are attenuated by application of diazepam to the amygdala by Helmstetter (1993)
10.1037/0735-7044.108.5.1005 / Behav Neurosci / Effects of muscimol applied to the basolateral amygdala on acquisition and expression of contextual fear conditioning in rats by Helmstetter (1994)
10.1037/0735-7044.111.4.683 / Behav Neurosci / Functional inactivation of the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala by muscimol infusion prevents fear conditioning to an explicit conditioned stimulus and to contextual stimuli by Muller (1997)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-07-02592.1998 / J Neurosci / Differential effects of amygdala lesions on early and late plastic components of auditory cortex spike trains during fear conditioning by Armony (1998)
10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80375-X / Neuron / Fear conditioning enhances different temporal components of tone-evoked spike trains in auditory cortex and lateral amygdala by Quirk (1997)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-11-04501.1992 / J Neurosci / Equipotentially of thalamo-amygdala and thalamo-cortico-amygdala circuits in auditory fear conditioning by Romanski (1992)
10.1016/0023-9690(86)90018-4 / Learn Motiv / Associative vs. topographical accounts of the immediate shock freezing deficit in rats: implications for the response selection rules governing species specific defensive reactions by Fanselow (1986)
10.1126/science.1585183 / Science / Modality-specific retrograde amnesia of fear by Kim (1992)
10.1037/0735-7044.106.3.471 / Behav Neurosci / Stimulation at a site of auditory-somatosensory convergence in the medial geniculate nucleus is an effective unconditioned stimulus for fear conditioning by Cruikshank (1992)
10.1002/cne.902640110 / J Comp Neurol / Topographic organization of convergent projections to the thalamus from the inferior colliculus and spinal cord in the rat by LeDoux (1987)
10.1037/0735-7044.106.1.81 / Behav Neurosci / Associative retuning in the thalamic source of input to the amygdala and auditory cortex: receptive field plasticity in the medial division of the medial geniculate body by Edeline (1992)
10.1037/0735-7044.106.2.336 / Behav Neurosci / The benzodiazepine inverse agonist DMCM as an unconditional stimulus for fear-induced analgesia: Implications for the role of GABAA receptors in fear-related behavior by Fanselow (1992)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-20-08505.1998 / J Neurosci / Mice lacking the β3 subunit of the GABAA receptor have the epilepsy phenotype and many of the behavioral characteristics of Angelman syndrome by DeLorey (1998)
10.1037/0735-7044.110.4.718 / Behav Neurosci / Retrograde abolition of conditioned fear after excitotoxic lesions in the basolateral amygdala of rats: absence of a temporal gradient by Maren (1996)
10.1037/0735-7044.106.3.518 / Behav Neurosci / The amygdala is essential for the expression of conditioned hypoalgesia by Helmstetter (1992)
10.1126/science.7652558 / Science / Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans by Bechara (1995)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-10-06846.1995 / J Neurosci / Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans by LaBar (1995)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.08-07-02517.1988 / J. Neurosci. / Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear by LeDoux (1988)
10.1016/0006-8993(82)90866-6 / Brain Res / Cardiovascular responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the amygdala central nucleus in the rabbit by Kapp (1982)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB181', 'first-page': '627.14', 'article-title': 'Stimulation of startle modulating midbrain areas has different effects on the acoustic startle response', 'volume': '23', 'author': 'Fendt', 'year': '1997', 'journal-title': 'Soc Neurosci Abstr'} / Soc Neurosci Abstr / Stimulation of startle modulating midbrain areas has different effects on the acoustic startle response by Fendt (1997)
10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00395.x / Eur J Neurosci / Different regions of the periaqueductal grey are involved differently in the expression and conditioned inhibition of fear-potentiated startle by Fendt (1998)
10.1016/0006-8993(94)91193-2 / Brain Res / Lesions of the central gray block the sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats by Fendt (1994)
10.1016/0166-2236(94)90047-7 / Trends Neurosci / Columnar organization in the midbrain periaqueductal gray: modules for emotional expression by Bandler (1994)
10.1016/S0306-4522(97)83047-3 / Neuroscience / Conditioned fear to context is associated with increased fos expression in the caudal ventrolateral region of the midbrain periaqueductal gray by Carrive (1997)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB186', 'first-page': '1067', 'article-title': 'Sensitization fear conditioning and pharmacological modulation of acoustic startle following lesions of the dorsal periaqueductal gray', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'Cassella', 'year': '1984', 'journal-title': 'Soc Neurosci Abstr'} / Soc Neurosci Abstr / Sensitization fear conditioning and pharmacological modulation of acoustic startle following lesions of the dorsal periaqueductal gray by Cassella (1984)
10.1037/0097-7403.15.1.54 / J Exp Psychol: Animal Behav Proc / Influence of long-term sensitization on long-term habituation of the acoustic startle response in rats: Central gray lesions preexposure and extinction by Borszcz (1989)
10.1037/0735-7044.111.4.692 / Behav Neurosci / Involvement of the dorsal periaqueductal gray in the loss of fear-potentiated startle accompanying high footshock training by Walker (1997)
10.1037/0735-7044.110.6.1349 / Behav Neurosci / Contribution of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons to expression of conditional fear: effects of electrical stimulation excitotoxin lesions and quinpirole infusion on potentiated startle in rats by Borowski (1996)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-09-03097.1996 / J Neurosci / Somatostatin in the pontine reticular formation modulates fear- potentiation of the acoustic startle response: an anatomical electrophysiological and behavioral study by Fendt (1996)
10.1016/0006-8993(70)90062-4 / Brain Res / Mesencephalic central gray lesions and fear-motivated behavior in rats by Liebman (1970)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-09-03426.1998 / J Neurosci / Distinct regions of the periaqueductal gray are involved in the acquisition and expression of defensive responses by De Oca (1998)
10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:1<63::AID-AB2480210109>3.0.CO;2-F / Aggress Behav / Ventral and dorsolateral regions of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) control different stages of defensive behavior: dorsolateral PAG lesions enhance the defensive freezing produced by massed and immediate shock by Fanselow (1995)
10.1037/0735-7044.107.2.377 / Behav Neurosci / The role of the amygdala and dorsal raphe nucleus in mediating the behavioral consequences of inescapable shock by Maier (1993)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB195', 'series-title': 'The midbrain periaqueductal gray', 'article-title': 'Midbrain periaqueductal gray control of defensive behavior in the cat and the rat', 'author': 'Bandler', 'year': '1991'} / The midbrain periaqueductal gray / Midbrain periaqueductal gray control of defensive behavior in the cat and the rat by Bandler (1991)
10.1016/0006-8993(90)90343-A / Brain Res / Conditioned hypoalgesia is attenuated by naltrexone applied to the periaqueductal gray by Helmstetter (1990)
10.1016/0166-4328(94)90053-1 / Behav Brain Res / Substance P is involved in the sensitization of the acoustic startle response by footshocks in rats by Krase (1994)
10.1016/0006-8993(94)90005-1 / Brain Res / Substance P and other putative transmitters modulate the activity of reticular pontine neurons: an electrophysiological and immunohistochemical study by Kungel (1994)
10.1037/0735-7044.109.4.669 / Behav Neurosci / Fear-potentiated startle and electrically evoked startle mediated by synapses in rostrolateral midbrain by Frankland (1995)
10.1097/00001756-199510010-00030 / NeuroReport / Cholecystokinin enhances the acoustic startle response in rats by Fendt (1995)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB201', 'series-title': 'Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy. Vol. 4: GABA and Neuropeptides in the CNS', 'first-page': '406', 'article-title': 'Neuronal cholecystokinin', 'author': 'Vanderhaeghen', 'year': '1985'} / Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy. Vol. 4: GABA and Neuropeptides in the CNS / Neuronal cholecystokinin by Vanderhaeghen (1985)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB202', 'series-title': 'The hippocampus as a cognitive map', 'author': "O'Keefe", 'year': '1978'} / The hippocampus as a cognitive map by O'Keefe (1978)
10.3758/BF03337828 / Psychobiology / Configural association theory: the role of the hippocampal formation in learning memory and amnesia by Sutherland (1989)
10.1037/0735-7044.107.6.1088 / Behav Neurosci / Effects of amygdala hippocampus and periaqueductal gray lesions on short- and long-term contextual fear by Kim (1994)
10.1037/0735-7044.106.2.274 / Behav Neurosci / Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning by Phillips (1992)
10.1016/S0166-4328(97)00088-0 / Behav Brain Res / Neurotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus and Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats by Maren (1997)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB207', 'first-page': '195', 'article-title': 'The startled seahorse: Is the hippocampus necessary for contextual fear conditioning', 'volume': '2', 'author': 'Maren', 'year': '1998', 'journal-title': 'Psychol Rev'} / Psychol Rev / The startled seahorse: Is the hippocampus necessary for contextual fear conditioning by Maren (1998)
10.1006/nlme.1996.3752 / Neurobiol Learn Memory / Electrolytic lesions of the fimbria/fornix dorsal hippocampus or entorhinal cortex produce anterograde deficits in contextual fear conditioning in rats by Maren (1997)
10.1037/0033-295X.99.2.195 / Psychol Rev / Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats monkeys and humans by Squire (1992)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-03-01106.1999 / J Neurosci / Temporally graded retrograde amnesia of contextual fear after hippocampal damage in rats: within-examination by Anagnostaras (1999)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-23-09353.1997 / J Neurosci / Evidence of contextual fear after lesions of the hippocampus: a disruption of freezing but not fear-potentiated startle by McNish (1997)
10.1016/0031-9384(72)90268-5 / Physiol Behav / Auditory startle response of hippocampectomized rats by Coover (1972)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB213', 'first-page': '811', 'article-title': 'Neuroanatomy and neurotransmitter regulation of defensive behaviors and related emotions in mammals', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'Graeff', 'year': '1994', 'journal-title': 'Brazilian J Med Biol Res'} / Brazilian J Med Biol Res / Neuroanatomy and neurotransmitter regulation of defensive behaviors and related emotions in mammals by Graeff (1994)
10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.001533 / Annu Rev Psychol / Mammalian brain substrates of aversive classical conditioning by Lavond (1993)
10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001233 / Annu Rev Psychol / Emotion: clues from the brain by LeDoux (1995)
10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80041-0 / Neuron / The amygdala and fear conditioning: has the nut been cracked by Maren (1996)
10.1016/0166-2236(87)90175-5 / Trends Neurosci / NMDA receptors—their role in long-term potentiation by Collingridge (1987)
10.1016/0149-7634(95)00017-8 / Neurosci Biobehav Rev / Long-term potentiation and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors: foundations of memory and neurological disease by Rison (1995)
10.1016/0896-6273(95)90070-5 / Neuron / LTP is accompanied by commensurate enhancement of auditory-evoked responses in a fear conditioning circuit by Rogan (1995)
10.1016/0031-9384(88)90044-3 / Physiol Behav / Role of the auditory cortex in the acquisition of differential heart rate conditioning by Teich (1988)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB221', 'series-title': 'Biological and biochemical bases of behavior', 'first-page': '101', 'article-title': 'The neural basis of auditory discrimination', 'author': 'Neff', 'year': '1958'} / Biological and biochemical bases of behavior / The neural basis of auditory discrimination by Neff (1958)
10.1152/jn.1960.23.3.321 / J Neurophysiol / Function of the auditory cortex of cat in frequency discrimination by Thompson (1960)
10.1152/jn.1972.35.5.718 / J Neurophysiol / Effects of unilateral ablation of auditory cortex in cat on complex sound localization by Whitfield (1972)
10.1037/0097-7403.15.4.295 / J Exp Psychol: Animal Behav Proc / Temporal specificity of fear conditioning: effects of different conditioned stimulus - unconditioned stimulus intervals on the fear-potentiated startle effect by Davis (1989)
{'key': '10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB225', 'series-title': 'Computational neuroscience', 'first-page': '641', 'article-title': 'Mechanism for temporal encoding in fear conditioning: delay lines in perirhinal cortex and lateral amygdala', 'author': 'Faulkner', 'year': '1997'} / Computational neuroscience / Mechanism for temporal encoding in fear conditioning: delay lines in perirhinal cortex and lateral amygdala by Faulkner (1997)
10.1101/lm.3.2-3.229 / Learn Mem / Convergent but temporally separated inputs to lateral amygdala neurons from the auditory thalamus and auditory cortex use different postsynaptic receptors: in vivo intracellular and extracellular recordings in fear conditioning pathways by Li (1996)
10.1037/0735-7044.107.4.580 / Behav Neurosci / Electrolytic lesions of the amygdala block acquisition and expression of fear-potentiated startle even with extensive training but do not prevent reacquisition by Kim (1993)
10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-08-03088.1998 / J Neurosci / Overtraining does not mitigate contextual fear conditioning deficits produced by neurotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala by Maren (1998)
10.1038/41097 / Nature / Different types of fear-conditioned behavior mediated by separate nuclei within the amygdala by Killcross (1997)
10.1002/dev.420180505 / Dev Psychobiol / Ontogenesis of learning. VI. Learned and unlearned responses to visual stimulation in the infant hooded rat by Moye (1985)
10.1037/0735-7044.107.5.887 / Behav Neurosci / Contextual and auditory cue conditioning dissociate during development by Rudy (1993)

Dates

Type	When
Created	23 years, 1 month ago (July 25, 2002, 9:01 a.m.)
Deposited	2 years, 4 months ago (April 8, 2023, 8:08 a.m.)
Indexed	16 hours, 21 minutes ago (Sept. 3, 2025, 6:18 a.m.)
Issued	26 years, 4 months ago (May 1, 1999)
Published	26 years, 4 months ago (May 1, 1999)
Published Print	26 years, 4 months ago (May 1, 1999)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Fendt_1999, title={The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear}, volume={23}, ISSN={0149-7634}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00016-0}, DOI={10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00016-0}, number={5}, journal={Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Fendt, M. and Fanselow, M.S.}, year={1999}, month=may, pages={743–760} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        9,
        3
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-09-03T10:18:11Z",
    "timestamp": 1756894691293
  },
  "reference-count": 231,
  "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
  "issue": "5",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            1999,
            5,
            1
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "1999-05-01T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 925516800000
      },
      "content-version": "tdm",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1999,
        5
      ]
    ]
  },
  "DOI": "10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00016-0",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        7,
        25
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2002-07-25T13:01:38Z",
    "timestamp": 1027602098000
  },
  "page": "743-760",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 834,
  "title": "The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear",
  "prefix": "10.1016",
  "volume": "23",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "M.",
      "family": "Fendt",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "M.S.",
      "family": "Fanselow",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "78",
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB1",
      "series-title": "The midbrain periaqueductal gray matter",
      "first-page": "151",
      "article-title": "The midbrain periaqueductal gray as a coordinator of action in response to fear and anxiety",
      "author": "Fanselow",
      "year": "1991"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "281",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0033521",
      "article-title": "Innate and conditioned reactions to threat in rats with amygdaloid lesions",
      "volume": "81",
      "author": "Blanchard",
      "year": "1972",
      "journal-title": "J Comp Physiol Psychol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "351",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0023-9690(71)90016-6",
      "article-title": "Defensive reactions in the albino rat",
      "volume": "2",
      "author": "Blanchard",
      "year": "1971",
      "journal-title": "Learn Motiv"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB4",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "6",
      "DOI": "10.3758/BF03211975",
      "article-title": "Effect of predictive cues on freezing in rats",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "Bolles",
      "year": "1976",
      "journal-title": "Anim Learn Behav"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "19",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0075330",
      "article-title": "The behavior of white rats in the presence of cats",
      "volume": "2",
      "author": "Griffith",
      "year": "1920",
      "journal-title": "Psychobiology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB6",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "358",
      "DOI": "10.1002/cne.902900305",
      "article-title": "Neuronal localisation of neuropeptide Y gene expression in the rat brain",
      "volume": "290",
      "author": "Morris",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "J Comp Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "317",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0060166",
      "article-title": "Conditioned fear as revealed by magnitude of startle response to an auditory stimulus",
      "volume": "41",
      "author": "Brown",
      "year": "1951",
      "journal-title": "J Exp Psychol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "175",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0166-4328(93)90102-V",
      "article-title": "Fear-potentiated startle: a neural and pharmacological analysis",
      "volume": "58",
      "author": "Davis",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Behav Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "421",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0097-7403.11.3.421",
      "article-title": "Potentiated startle: its relation to freezing and shock intensity in rats",
      "volume": "11",
      "author": "Leaton",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "J Exp Psychol: Animal Behav Proc"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "291",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0140525X0000491X",
      "article-title": "A perceptual-defensive-recuperative model of fear and pain",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "Bolles",
      "year": "1980",
      "journal-title": "Behav Brain Sci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB11",
      "series-title": "Classical conditioning. II. Current theory and research",
      "article-title": "The relationship among classically conditioned responses: heart rate and skeletal behavior",
      "author": "Black",
      "year": "1972"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB12",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "191",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0959-4388(92)90011-9",
      "article-title": "Brain mechanisms of emotion and emotional learning",
      "volume": "2",
      "author": "LeDoux",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Curr Op Neurobiol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB13",
      "series-title": "Neurobiology of learning, emotion and affect",
      "article-title": "Neural mechanism of fear conditioning measured with the acoustic startle reflex",
      "author": "Davis",
      "year": "1991"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB14",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "970",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.107.6.970",
      "article-title": "Emotion novelty and the startle reflex: habituation in humans",
      "volume": "107",
      "author": "Bradley",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB15",
      "series-title": "Negative motor phenomena",
      "article-title": "Physiology of startle phenomena",
      "author": "Brown",
      "year": "1995"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB16",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "695",
      "DOI": "10.1017/S0033291700038137",
      "article-title": "From the jumping Frenchmen of Maine to posttraumatic stress disorder: the startle response in neuropsychiatry",
      "volume": "22",
      "author": "Howard",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Psychol Med"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB17",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "377",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0033-295X.97.3.377",
      "article-title": "Emotion attention and the startle reflex",
      "volume": "97",
      "author": "Lang",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Psychol Rev"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB18",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "967",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0031-9384(91)90423-L",
      "article-title": "Twenty-two kHz alarm cries to presentation of a predator by laboratory rats living in a visible burrow system",
      "volume": "50",
      "author": "Blanchard",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Physiol Behav"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB19",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "132",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0048596",
      "article-title": "The relation between fear and exploratory behavior",
      "volume": "48",
      "author": "Montgomery",
      "year": "1955",
      "journal-title": "J Comp Physiol Psychol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB20",
      "first-page": "67",
      "article-title": "The elevated T maze a new experimental model of anxiety and memory: effect of diazepam",
      "volume": "26",
      "author": "Graeff",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Brazilian J Med Biol Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB21",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "80",
      "DOI": "10.2307/1412730",
      "article-title": "Notes on the psychic development of the white rat",
      "volume": "11",
      "author": "Small",
      "year": "1899",
      "journal-title": "Am J Psychol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB22",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "683",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-03-00683.1984",
      "article-title": "Subcortical efferent projections of the geniculate nucleus mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "LeDoux",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB23",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "619",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0091-3057(81)90219-7",
      "article-title": "Conditioned defensive burying: a new paradigm for the study of anxiolytic agents",
      "volume": "15",
      "author": "Treit",
      "year": "1981",
      "journal-title": "Pharmacol Biochem Behav"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB24",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "648",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.109.4.648",
      "article-title": "Pavlovian conditional vocalizations of the rat: A model system for analyzing the fear of pain",
      "volume": "109",
      "author": "Borszcz",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB25",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "133",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0166-4328(05)80063-4",
      "article-title": "Acoustic startle induced ultrasonic vocalization in the rat: a novel animal model of anxiety",
      "volume": "43",
      "author": "Kaltwasser",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Behav Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB26",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "38",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02245590",
      "article-title": "Aggression anxiety and vocalizations in animals: GABAA and 5-HT anxiolytics",
      "volume": "121",
      "author": "Miczek",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Psychopharmacology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB27",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "221",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0072340",
      "article-title": "Three cases of the \u201cconditioned fear responses\u201d",
      "volume": "24",
      "author": "English",
      "year": "1929",
      "journal-title": "J Abn Social Psychol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB28",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0028-3908(74)90002-1",
      "article-title": "The conditioned emotional response (CER) as a baseline for the study of anti-anxiety drugs",
      "volume": "13",
      "author": "Millenson",
      "year": "1974",
      "journal-title": "Neuropharmacology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB29",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "452",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02244893",
      "article-title": "Differential profile of the CCKB receptor antagonist CI-988 and diazepam in the four-plate test",
      "volume": "112",
      "author": "Dooley",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Psychopharmacology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB30",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "482",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00429273",
      "article-title": "The effects of memprobamate barbiturates d-amphetamine and promazine on experimentally induced conflict in the rat",
      "volume": "1",
      "author": "Geller",
      "year": "1960",
      "journal-title": "Psychopharmacologia"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB31",
      "series-title": "The startle pattern",
      "author": "Landis",
      "year": "1939"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB32",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "67",
      "DOI": "10.1006/nlme.1996.0044",
      "article-title": "Habituation and sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats: amplitude threshold and latency measures",
      "volume": "66",
      "author": "Pilz",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Neurobiol Learn Memory"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB33",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "301",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0165-0173(96)00004-5",
      "article-title": "The acoustic startle reflex: neurons and connections",
      "volume": "21",
      "author": "Yeomans",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res Rev"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB34",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1075",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.103.5.1075",
      "article-title": "Startle response measured in muscles innervated by facial and trigeminal nerves show common modulation",
      "volume": "103",
      "author": "Caeser",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB35",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1187",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0031-9384(86)90499-3",
      "article-title": "Fear conditioning prepulse inhibition and drug modulation of a short latency startle response measured electromyographically from neck muscles in the rat",
      "volume": "36",
      "author": "Cassella",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Physiol Behav"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB36",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "791",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.02-06-00791.1982",
      "article-title": "A primary acoustic startle circuit: lesion and stimulation studies",
      "volume": "2",
      "author": "Davis",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB37",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "473",
      "DOI": "10.1002/cne.903250403",
      "article-title": "Giant neurons in the caudal pontine reticular formation receive short latency acoustic input: an intracellular recording and HRP-study in the rat",
      "volume": "325",
      "author": "Lingenh\u00f6hl",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "J Comp Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB38",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1176",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-03-01176.1994",
      "article-title": "Giant neurons in the rat reticular formation: a sensorimotor interface in the elementary acoustic startle circuit",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "Lingenh\u00f6hl",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB39",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3775",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-11-03775.1996",
      "article-title": "A primary acoustic startle pathway: obligatory role of cochlear root neurons and the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis",
      "volume": "16",
      "author": "Lee",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB40",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "863",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0045861",
      "article-title": "Startle response: habituation over trials and days and sex and strain differences",
      "volume": "56",
      "author": "Moyer",
      "year": "1963",
      "journal-title": "J Comp Physiol Psychol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB41",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "981",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.107.6.981",
      "article-title": "Acoustic startle response and habituation in freezing and nonfreezing rats",
      "volume": "107",
      "author": "Plappert",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB42",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "495",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.103.3.495",
      "article-title": "Sensitization of the acoustic startle reflex by footshock",
      "volume": "103",
      "author": "Davis",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB43",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "243",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00431631",
      "article-title": "Effects of clonidine on habituation and sensitization of acoustic startle in normal decerebrate and locus coeruleus lesioned rats",
      "volume": "51",
      "author": "Davis",
      "year": "1977",
      "journal-title": "Psychopharmacology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB44",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "53",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0022325",
      "article-title": "Acoustic variables in the modification of startle reaction in the rat",
      "volume": "60",
      "author": "Hoffman",
      "year": "1965",
      "journal-title": "J Comp Physiol Psychol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB45",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "176",
      "DOI": "10.1177/026988119200600210",
      "article-title": "The neural substrates of sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex: a review of recent findings and their implications",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "Swerdlow",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "J Psychopharmacol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB46",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1442",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00001756-199605310-00024",
      "article-title": "Pleasure-attenuation of startle is disrupted by lesions of the nucleus accumbens",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "Koch",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "NeuroReport"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB47",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1006/nlme.1995.1037",
      "article-title": "Conditioned pleasure attenuates the startle response in rats",
      "volume": "64",
      "author": "Schmid",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Neurobiol Learn Memory"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB48",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "127",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0166-4328(96)82984-6",
      "article-title": "Lesions of the central gray block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm",
      "volume": "74",
      "author": "Fendt",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Behav Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB49",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "111",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00433036",
      "article-title": "Noradrenergic agonists and antagonists: effects on conditioned fear as measured by the potentiated startle paradigm",
      "volume": "65",
      "author": "Davis",
      "year": "1979",
      "journal-title": "Psychopharmacology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB50",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00426027",
      "article-title": "Diazepam and flurazepam: effects on conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm",
      "volume": "62",
      "author": "Davis",
      "year": "1979",
      "journal-title": "Psychopharmacology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB51",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "341",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0014-2999(79)90063-3",
      "article-title": "Morphine and naloxone: effects on conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm",
      "volume": "54",
      "author": "Davis",
      "year": "1979",
      "journal-title": "Eur J Pharmacol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB52",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "8",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00735872",
      "article-title": "Anxiolytic effects of buspirone and gepirone in the fear-potentiated startle paradigm",
      "volume": "94",
      "author": "Kehne",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Psychopharmacology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB53",
      "first-page": "248",
      "article-title": "Antagonists at the serotonin-3 receptor can reduce the fear-potentiated startle response in the rat: Evidence for different types of anxiolytic activity",
      "volume": "268",
      "author": "Nevins",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "J Pharmacol Exp Ther"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB54",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "285",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0893-133X(89)90033-X",
      "article-title": "Potentiation of acoustic startle by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and by fear are both reversed by \u03b1-helical CRF (9-41)",
      "volume": "2",
      "author": "Swerdlow",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Neuropsychopharmacology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB55",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1313",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0196-9781(95)02013-M",
      "article-title": "The CCKB antagonist l-365, 260 attenuates fear-potentiated startle",
      "volume": "16",
      "author": "Josselyn",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Peptides"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB56",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "215",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00008877-199504000-00001",
      "article-title": "Behavioral effects of neuropeptide Y receptor agonists in the elevated plus-maze and fear-potentiated startle procedure",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "Broqua",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Behav Pharmacol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB57",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "317",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0014-2999(93)90397-Z",
      "article-title": "Anxiolytic-like effects of N-methyl-d-aspartate-associated glycine receptor ligands in the rat potentiated startle test",
      "volume": "250",
      "author": "Anthony",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Eur J Pharmacol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB58",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "169",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00402740",
      "article-title": "Motivational effects of drugs: methods which illustrate some general problems in psychopharmacology",
      "volume": "1",
      "author": "Miller",
      "year": "1960",
      "journal-title": "Psychopharmacologia"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB59",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "311",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0091-3057(76)90247-1",
      "article-title": "The startle response in rats: effects of ethanol",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "Pohorecky",
      "year": "1976",
      "journal-title": "Pharmacol Biochem Behav"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB60",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "150",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02245833",
      "article-title": "Predictive validity of the potentiated startle response as a behavioral model for anxiolytic drugs",
      "volume": "118",
      "author": "Hijzen",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Psychopharmacology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB61",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "397",
      "DOI": "10.2165/00023210-199402050-00007",
      "article-title": "Future prospects for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety",
      "volume": "2",
      "author": "Handley",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "CNS Drugs"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB62",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "244",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0165-6147(93)90020-K",
      "article-title": "CCK in animal and human research on anxiety",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "Harro",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Trends Pharmacol Sci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB63",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "93",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0924-977X(94)90002-7",
      "article-title": "New animal models of anxiety",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "Olivier",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB64",
      "series-title": "Psychopharmacology: the fourth generation of progress",
      "article-title": "Pharmacological challenges in anxiety disorders",
      "author": "Price",
      "year": "1995"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB65",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "300",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb44078.x",
      "article-title": "CCK schizophrenia and anxiety",
      "volume": "713",
      "author": "Rasmussen",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Ann New York Acad Sci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB66",
      "series-title": "Brain and evolution",
      "first-page": "223",
      "article-title": "Sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats is sensitive to a change of the environment",
      "author": "Pilz",
      "year": "1996"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB67",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1136",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.112.5.1136",
      "article-title": "Shock sensitization of startle in rats: the role of contextual conditioning",
      "volume": "112",
      "author": "Richardson",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB68",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "35",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0166-4328(97)02296-1",
      "article-title": "The acoustic startle response in rats - circuits mediating evocation inhibition and potentiation",
      "volume": "89",
      "author": "Koch",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Behav Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB69",
      "series-title": "The expression of the emotions an man and animals",
      "author": "Darwin",
      "year": "1960"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB70",
      "first-page": "534",
      "article-title": "An experimental study of acquired drives",
      "volume": "38",
      "author": "Miller",
      "year": "1941",
      "journal-title": "Psychol Bull"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB71",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "428",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0042199",
      "article-title": "The conditioned emotional response as a function of intensity of the US",
      "volume": "54",
      "author": "Annau",
      "year": "1961",
      "journal-title": "J Comp Physiol Psychol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB72",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "390",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0062283",
      "article-title": "Some quantitative properties of anxiety",
      "volume": "29",
      "author": "Estes",
      "year": "1941",
      "journal-title": "J Exp Psychol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB73",
      "first-page": "268",
      "article-title": "Freezing as an avoidance response: another look at the operant-respondent distinction",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "Bolles",
      "year": "1973",
      "journal-title": "Learn Mem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB74",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "129",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0027676",
      "article-title": "Passive and active reactions to fear-eliciting stimuli",
      "volume": "68",
      "author": "Blanchard",
      "year": "1969",
      "journal-title": "J Comp Physiol Psychol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB75",
      "first-page": "159",
      "article-title": "Preference for shock signals as a function of the temporal accuracy of the signals",
      "volume": "8",
      "author": "Collier",
      "year": "1977",
      "journal-title": "Learn Mem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB76",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "736",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0077609",
      "article-title": "Naloxone and shock-eliciting freezing in the rat",
      "volume": "93",
      "author": "Fanselow",
      "year": "1979",
      "journal-title": "J Comp Physiol Psychol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB77",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "429",
      "DOI": "10.3758/BF03199629",
      "article-title": "Conditioned fear assessed by freezing and by the suppression of three different baselines",
      "volume": "8",
      "author": "Bouton",
      "year": "1980",
      "journal-title": "Anim Learn Behav"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB78",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "177",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF03001163",
      "article-title": "Conditioned and unconditioned components of post-shock freezing",
      "volume": "15",
      "author": "Fanselow",
      "year": "1980",
      "journal-title": "Pav J Biol Sci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB79",
      "series-title": "Evolution and learning",
      "first-page": "185",
      "article-title": "A functional behavioristic approach to aversively motivated behavior: predatory imminence as a determinant of the topography of defensive behavior",
      "author": "Fanselow",
      "year": "1988"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB80",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "40",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb14617.x",
      "article-title": "Conditioned fear-induced opiate analgesia: a competing motivational state theory of stress analgesia",
      "volume": "467",
      "author": "Fanselow",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Ann New York Acad Sci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB81",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "7099",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-11-07099.1994",
      "article-title": "Lesions of the periaqueductal gray and rostral ventromedial medulla disrupt antinociceptive but not cardiovascular aversive conditional responses",
      "volume": "14",
      "author": "Helmstetter",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB82",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "69",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(83)91067-3",
      "article-title": "Alpha-methyl-DOPA dissociates hypertension cardiovascular reactivity and emotional behavior in spontaneously hypertensive rats",
      "volume": "259",
      "author": "LeDoux",
      "year": "1983",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB83",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "137",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(83)90915-0",
      "article-title": "Strain differences in fear between spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats",
      "volume": "277",
      "author": "LeDoux",
      "year": "1983",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB84",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "230",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0032537",
      "article-title": "Acute sympathectomy by 6-hydroxydopamine in the adult rat: effects on cardiovascular conditioning and fear retention",
      "volume": "79",
      "author": "Pappas",
      "year": "1972",
      "journal-title": "J Comp Physiol Psychol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB85",
      "series-title": "Learning, motivation, and cognition: the functional behaviorism of Robert C Bolles",
      "first-page": "53",
      "article-title": "Developmental dissociation of the components of conditioned fear",
      "author": "Hunt",
      "year": "1997"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB86",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "221",
      "DOI": "10.1002/dev.420280404",
      "article-title": "Delayed development of conditioned heart rate responses to auditory stimuli in the rat",
      "volume": "28",
      "author": "Richardson",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Dev Psychobiol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB87",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "17",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(90)90303-S",
      "article-title": "Cerebellar vermis: essential for classically conditioned bradycardia in the rat",
      "volume": "509",
      "author": "Supple",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB88",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "66",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.102.1.66",
      "article-title": "Dissociation of associative and nonassociative concomitants of classical fear conditioning in the freely behaving rat",
      "volume": "102",
      "author": "Iwata",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB89",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "243",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0304-3959(77)90136-1",
      "article-title": "Antinociception following lesion-induced hyperemotionality and conditioned fear",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "Chance",
      "year": "1978",
      "journal-title": "Pain"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB90",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "200",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0023-9690(82)90021-2",
      "article-title": "Conditioned fear-induced opiate analgesia on the formalin test: evidence for two aversive motivational systems",
      "volume": "13",
      "author": "Fanselow",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "Learn Motiv"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB91",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "32",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0028589",
      "article-title": "Species-specific defensive reactions and avoidance learning",
      "volume": "71",
      "author": "Bolles",
      "year": "1970",
      "journal-title": "Psychol Rev"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB92",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "429",
      "DOI": "10.3758/BF03210947",
      "article-title": "Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear",
      "volume": "1",
      "author": "Fanselow",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Psychol Bull Rev"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB93",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "303",
      "DOI": "10.1098/rstb.1888.0011",
      "article-title": "An investigation into the functions of the occipital and temporal lobes of the monkey's brain",
      "volume": "179",
      "author": "Brown",
      "year": "1886",
      "journal-title": "Trans R Soc London"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB94",
      "first-page": "461",
      "article-title": "Preliminary analysis of the temporal lobes in monkeys",
      "volume": "42",
      "author": "Kluver",
      "year": "1939",
      "journal-title": "Biol Psychiatry"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB95",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "381",
      "DOI": "10.1037/h0088009",
      "article-title": "Behavioral changes associated with ablations of the amygdaloid complex in monkeys",
      "volume": "49",
      "author": "Weiskrantz",
      "year": "1956",
      "journal-title": "J Comp Physiol Psychol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB96",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "281",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0013-4694(71)90111-8",
      "article-title": "Reactivity of limbic neurons of the monkey to appetitive and aversive signals",
      "volume": "30",
      "author": "Fuster",
      "year": "1971",
      "journal-title": "Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB97",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "457",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(82)90123-8",
      "article-title": "Multiple unit activity recorded from amygdala central nucleus during Pavlovian heart conditioning in rabbit",
      "volume": "238",
      "author": "Applegate",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB98",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1029",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0896-6273(95)90092-6",
      "article-title": "Fear conditioning enhances short-latency auditory responses of lateral amygdala neurons: parallel recordings in the freely behaving rat",
      "volume": "15",
      "author": "Quirk",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Neuron"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB99",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "444",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.107.3.444",
      "article-title": "Somatosensory and auditory convergence in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala",
      "volume": "107",
      "author": "Romanski",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB100",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "271",
      "DOI": "10.1002/syn.890060306",
      "article-title": "Long-term synaptic potentiation in the amygdala",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "Chapman",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Synapse"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB101",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2818",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-08-02818.1990",
      "article-title": "Synaptic plasticity in fear conditioning circuits: induction of LTP in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala by stimulation of the medial geniculate body",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "Clugnet",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB102",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "169",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80524-3",
      "article-title": "Postsynaptic induction and PKA-dependent expression of LTP in the lateral amygdala",
      "volume": "21",
      "author": "Huang",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Neuron"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB103",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "7548",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07548.1995",
      "article-title": "Synaptic plasticity in the basolateral amygdala induced by hippocampal formation stimulation in vivo",
      "volume": "15",
      "author": "Maren",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB104",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "87",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00242185",
      "article-title": "NMDA and non-NMDA receptors contribute to synaptic transmission between the medial geniculate body and the lateral nucleus of the amygdala",
      "volume": "105",
      "author": "Li",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Exp Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB105",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "607",
      "DOI": "10.1038/37605",
      "article-title": "Fear conditioning induces a lasting potentiation of synaptic currents in vivo",
      "volume": "390",
      "author": "McKernan",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB106",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "604",
      "DOI": "10.1038/37601",
      "article-title": "Fear conditioning induces associative long-term potentiation in the amygdala",
      "volume": "390",
      "author": "Rogan",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB107",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "191",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.99.2.191",
      "article-title": "Associative Learning modifies startle reflexes at the lateral lemniscus",
      "volume": "99",
      "author": "Berg",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB108",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "814",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.100.6.814",
      "article-title": "Pharmacological and anatomical analysis of fear conditioning using the fear-potentiated startle paradigm",
      "volume": "100",
      "author": "Davis",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB109",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "11",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.100.1.11",
      "article-title": "Lesions of the amygdala but not of the cerebellum or red nucleus block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm",
      "volume": "100",
      "author": "Hitchcock",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB110",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "403",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0031-9384(87)90242-3",
      "article-title": "Fear-potentiated startle using an auditory conditioned stimulus: effect of lesions of the amygdala",
      "volume": "39",
      "author": "Hitchcock",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "Physiol Behav"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB111",
      "series-title": "The amygdaloid complex",
      "first-page": "343",
      "article-title": "A neuropharmacology of amygdala systems which contribute to learning and memory",
      "author": "Gallagher",
      "year": "1981"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB112",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "941",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.3738519",
      "article-title": "The neurobiology of learning and memory",
      "volume": "233",
      "author": "Thompson",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB113",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "817",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.105.6.817",
      "article-title": "A direct projection from the central nucleus of the amygdala to the acoustic startle pathway: anterograde and retrograde tracing studies",
      "volume": "105",
      "author": "Rosen",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB114",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "826",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.105.6.826",
      "article-title": "The efferent pathway of the amygdala involved in conditioned fear as measured with the fear-potentiated startle paradigm",
      "volume": "105",
      "author": "Hitchcock",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB115",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "195",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.102.2.195",
      "article-title": "Enhancement of acoustic startle by electrical stimulation of the amygdala",
      "volume": "102",
      "author": "Rosen",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB116",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "117",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0031-9384(88)90354-X",
      "article-title": "Temporal characteristics of enhancement of startle by stimulation of the amygdala",
      "volume": "44",
      "author": "Rosen",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Physiol Behav"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB117",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "343",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0031-9384(90)90325-X",
      "article-title": "Enhancement of electrically elicited startle by amygdaloid stimulation",
      "volume": "48",
      "author": "Rosen",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Physiol Behav"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB118",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "231",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00228390",
      "article-title": "Enhancement of the acoustic startle response by stimulation of an excitatory pathway from the central amygdala/basal nucleus of Meynert to the pontine reticular formation",
      "volume": "93",
      "author": "Koch",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Exp Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB119",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "176",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(93)90500-M",
      "article-title": "Microinjections of the metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, trans-(+/\u2212)-1-amino-cyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate (trans-ACPD) into the amygdala increase the acoustic startle response of rats",
      "volume": "629",
      "author": "Koch",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB120",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "569",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.106.3.569",
      "article-title": "Intra-amygdaloid infusion of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist AP5 blocks acquisition but not expression of fear-potentiated startle to an auditory conditioned stimulus",
      "volume": "106",
      "author": "Campeau",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB121",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "141",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(92)90887-F",
      "article-title": "Involvement of pertussis toxin sensitive G-proteins in conditioned fear-potentiated startle: possible involvement of the amygdala",
      "volume": "584",
      "author": "Melia",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB122",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "716",
      "DOI": "10.1038/345716a0",
      "article-title": "Blocking of acquisition but not expression of conditioned fear-potentiated startle by NMDA antagonists in the amygdala",
      "volume": "345",
      "author": "Miserendino",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB123",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "854",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-03-00854.1992",
      "article-title": "Extinction of fear-potentiated startle: blockade by infusion of an NMDA antagonist into the amygdala",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "Falls",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB124",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "471",
      "DOI": "10.1038/41325",
      "article-title": "Second-order fear conditioning prevented by blocking NMDA receptors in amygdala",
      "volume": "388",
      "author": "Gewirtz",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB125",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "55",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(83)90548-6",
      "article-title": "A visual pathway that mediates fear-conditioned enhancement of acoustic startle",
      "volume": "276",
      "author": "Tischler",
      "year": "1983",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB126",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2312",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-03-02312.1995",
      "article-title": "Involvement of subcortical and cortical afferents to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle in rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli",
      "volume": "15",
      "author": "Campeau",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB127",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2301",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-03-02301.1995",
      "article-title": "Involvement of the central nucleus and basolateral complex of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle in rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli",
      "volume": "15",
      "author": "Campeau",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB128",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "259",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0163-1047(93)90504-B",
      "article-title": "Visual cortex ablations do not prevent extinction of fear-potentiated startle using a visual conditioned stimulus",
      "volume": "60",
      "author": "Falls",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neural Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB129",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4624",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-12-04624.1992",
      "article-title": "Lesions of the perirhinal cortex but not of the frontal medial pre-frontal visual or insular cortex block fear-potentiated startle using a visual conditioned stimulus",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "Rosen",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB130",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "307",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0091-3057(94)90532-0",
      "article-title": "Amygdaloid noradrenaline is involved in the sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats",
      "volume": "48",
      "author": "Fendt",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Pharmacol Biochem Behav"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB131",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "705",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0306-4522(93)90618-P",
      "article-title": "Response of locus coeruleus neurons to footshock stimulation is mediated by neurons in the rostral ventral medulla",
      "volume": "53",
      "author": "Chiang",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Neuroscience"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB132",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "253",
      "DOI": "10.1006/nlme.1996.0067",
      "article-title": "Norepinephrine release in the amygdala in response to footshock stimulation",
      "volume": "66",
      "author": "Galvez",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Neurobiol Learn Mem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB133",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "134",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00795-1",
      "article-title": "Norepinephrine release in the amygdala in response to footshock and opioid peptidergic drugs",
      "volume": "808",
      "author": "Quirarte",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB134",
      "series-title": "The amygdaloid complex",
      "first-page": "175",
      "article-title": "Histochemical characterization of dopaminergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic projections to the amygdala",
      "author": "Fallon",
      "year": "1981"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB135",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "473",
      "DOI": "10.1152/jn.1990.63.3.473",
      "article-title": "The spino(trigemino)pontoamygdaloid pathway: electrophysiological evidence for an involvement in pain processes",
      "volume": "63",
      "author": "Bernard",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "J Neurophysiol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB136",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "208",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0166-2236(94)90106-6",
      "article-title": "Neurotransmission in the rat amygdala related to fear and anxiety",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Davis",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Trends Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB137",
      "series-title": "The amygdala: neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction",
      "first-page": "115",
      "article-title": "Neuropeptides: cellular morphology, major pathways, and functional considerations",
      "author": "Roberts",
      "year": "1992"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB138",
      "series-title": "The amygdala: neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction",
      "first-page": "67",
      "article-title": "Cell types and intrinsic connections of the amygdala",
      "author": "McDonald",
      "year": "1992"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB139",
      "first-page": "627.12",
      "article-title": "Anatomical tracing and lesion studies of pain pathways involved in fear conditioning measured with fear potentiated startle",
      "volume": "23",
      "author": "Shi",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Soc Neurosci Abstr"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB140",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "420",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-01-00420.1999",
      "article-title": "Pain pathways involved in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle: lesion studies",
      "volume": "19",
      "author": "Shi",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB141",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "5",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0163-1047(93)91075-X",
      "article-title": "Infusion of the non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX into the amygdala blocks the expression of fear-potentiated startle",
      "volume": "59",
      "author": "Kim",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neural Biol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB142",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "000",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-23-09375.1997",
      "article-title": "Double dissociation between the involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the central nucleus of the amygdala in startle increases produced by conditioned versus unconditioned fear",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Walker",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB143",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1838",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-05-01838.1997",
      "article-title": "Activation of amygdala cholecystokininB receptors potentiates the acoustic startle response in the rat",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Frankland",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB144",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "129",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(96)00756-1",
      "article-title": "Intracerebroventricular infusion of the CCKB receptor agonist pentagastrin potentiates acoustic startle",
      "volume": "733",
      "author": "Frankland",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB145",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "299",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01400.x",
      "article-title": "Corticotropin-releasing factor is involved in the expression of fear-potentiated startle: an anatomical electrophysiological and behavioral study",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "Fendt",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Eur J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB146",
      "first-page": "142",
      "article-title": "Enhancement of auditory responses of pontine reticular brainstem neurons by glutamate and stimulation of the amygdaloid complex",
      "volume": "5",
      "author": "Koch",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Eur J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB147",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0014-2999(96)00749-2",
      "article-title": "NMDA receptors in the pontine brainstem are necessary for fear-potentiation of the startle response",
      "volume": "318",
      "author": "Fendt",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Eur J Pharmacol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB148",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "429",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00001756-199205000-00013",
      "article-title": "Glutamate receptors mediate acoustic input to the reticular brain stem",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "Ebert",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "NeuroReport"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB149",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "13",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00001756-199301000-00003",
      "article-title": "Glutamate antagonists in the reticular formation reduce the acoustic startle response",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "Krase",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "NeuroReport"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB150",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "215",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(93)91430-Z",
      "article-title": "NMDA and non-NMDA antagonists infused into the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis depress the acoustic startle reflex",
      "volume": "623",
      "author": "Miserendino",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB151",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "318",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01309-7",
      "article-title": "Modulation of the acoustic startle reflex by infusion of corticotropin-releasing hormone into the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis",
      "volume": "782",
      "author": "Birnbaum",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB152",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0097-7403.23.1.3",
      "article-title": "Inhibition of fear-potentiated startle can be detected after the offset of a feature trained in a serial feature-negative discrimination",
      "volume": "23",
      "author": "Falls",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "J Exp Psychol: Animal Behav Proc"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB153",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "379",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.109.3.379",
      "article-title": "Lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala block conditioned excitation but not conditioned inhibition of fear as measured with the fear-potentiated startle effect",
      "volume": "109",
      "author": "Falls",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB154",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "195",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(86)90020-X",
      "article-title": "Intrinsic neurons in the amygdaloid field projected to by the medial geniculate body mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli",
      "volume": "383",
      "author": "Iwata",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB155",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1109",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0031-9384(79)90304-4",
      "article-title": "Amygdala central nucleus lesions: effect on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit",
      "volume": "23",
      "author": "Kapp",
      "year": "1979",
      "journal-title": "Physiol Behav"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB156",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1271",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0031-9384(92)90320-2",
      "article-title": "Contribution of the amygdala to learning and performance of conditional fear",
      "volume": "51",
      "author": "Helmstetter",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Physiol Behav"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB157",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "402",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.107.2.402",
      "article-title": "The amygdala is necessary for the expression of conditioned but not unconditioned analgesia",
      "volume": "107",
      "author": "Watkins",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB158",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4787",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-15-04787.1996",
      "article-title": "Role of the amygdala in the coordination of behavioral neuroendocrine and prefrontal cortical monoamine responses to psychological stress in the rat",
      "volume": "16",
      "author": "Goldstein",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB159",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "210",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.108.1.210",
      "article-title": "Acquisition of contextual Pavlovian fear conditioning is blocked by application of an NMDA receptor antagonist d,l-2-amino-5-phoshonovaleric acid to the basolateral amygdala",
      "volume": "108",
      "author": "Fanselow",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB160",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "8444",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-20-08444.1998",
      "article-title": "Amygdalar NMDA receptors are critical for new fear learning in previously fear-conditioned rats",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "Lee",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB161",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1365",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.110.6.1365",
      "article-title": "N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the basolateral amygdala are required for both acquisition and expression and expression of conditioned fear in rats",
      "volume": "110",
      "author": "Maren",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB162",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "433",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0091-3057(93)90487-E",
      "article-title": "Stress-induced hypoalgesia and defensive freezing are attenuated by application of diazepam to the amygdala",
      "volume": "44",
      "author": "Helmstetter",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Pharmacol Biochem Behav"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB163",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1005",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.108.5.1005",
      "article-title": "Effects of muscimol applied to the basolateral amygdala on acquisition and expression of contextual fear conditioning in rats",
      "volume": "108",
      "author": "Helmstetter",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB164",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "683",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.111.4.683",
      "article-title": "Functional inactivation of the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala by muscimol infusion prevents fear conditioning to an explicit conditioned stimulus and to contextual stimuli",
      "volume": "111",
      "author": "Muller",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB165",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2592",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-07-02592.1998",
      "article-title": "Differential effects of amygdala lesions on early and late plastic components of auditory cortex spike trains during fear conditioning",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "Armony",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB166",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "613",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80375-X",
      "article-title": "Fear conditioning enhances different temporal components of tone-evoked spike trains in auditory cortex and lateral amygdala",
      "volume": "19",
      "author": "Quirk",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Neuron"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB167",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "4501",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-11-04501.1992",
      "article-title": "Equipotentially of thalamo-amygdala and thalamo-cortico-amygdala circuits in auditory fear conditioning",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "Romanski",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB168",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "16",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0023-9690(86)90018-4",
      "article-title": "Associative vs. topographical accounts of the immediate shock freezing deficit in rats: implications for the response selection rules governing species specific defensive reactions",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Fanselow",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Learn Motiv"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB169",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "675",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1585183",
      "article-title": "Modality-specific retrograde amnesia of fear",
      "volume": "256",
      "author": "Kim",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB170",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "471",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.106.3.471",
      "article-title": "Stimulation at a site of auditory-somatosensory convergence in the medial geniculate nucleus is an effective unconditioned stimulus for fear conditioning",
      "volume": "106",
      "author": "Cruikshank",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB171",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "123",
      "DOI": "10.1002/cne.902640110",
      "article-title": "Topographic organization of convergent projections to the thalamus from the inferior colliculus and spinal cord in the rat",
      "volume": "264",
      "author": "LeDoux",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "J Comp Neurol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB172",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "81",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.106.1.81",
      "article-title": "Associative retuning in the thalamic source of input to the amygdala and auditory cortex: receptive field plasticity in the medial division of the medial geniculate body",
      "volume": "106",
      "author": "Edeline",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB173",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "336",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.106.2.336",
      "article-title": "The benzodiazepine inverse agonist DMCM as an unconditional stimulus for fear-induced analgesia: Implications for the role of GABAA receptors in fear-related behavior",
      "volume": "106",
      "author": "Fanselow",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB174",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "8505",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-20-08505.1998",
      "article-title": "Mice lacking the \u03b23 subunit of the GABAA receptor have the epilepsy phenotype and many of the behavioral characteristics of Angelman syndrome",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "DeLorey",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB175",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "718",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.110.4.718",
      "article-title": "Retrograde abolition of conditioned fear after excitotoxic lesions in the basolateral amygdala of rats: absence of a temporal gradient",
      "volume": "110",
      "author": "Maren",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB176",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "518",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.106.3.518",
      "article-title": "The amygdala is essential for the expression of conditioned hypoalgesia",
      "volume": "106",
      "author": "Helmstetter",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB177",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1115",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.7652558",
      "article-title": "Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans",
      "volume": "269",
      "author": "Bechara",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Science"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB178",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "6846",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-10-06846.1995",
      "article-title": "Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "LaBar",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB179",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2517",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.08-07-02517.1988",
      "article-title": "Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear",
      "volume": "8",
      "author": "LeDoux",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "J. Neurosci."
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB180",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "251",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(82)90866-6",
      "article-title": "Cardiovascular responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the amygdala central nucleus in the rabbit",
      "volume": "234",
      "author": "Kapp",
      "year": "1982",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB181",
      "first-page": "627.14",
      "article-title": "Stimulation of startle modulating midbrain areas has different effects on the acoustic startle response",
      "volume": "23",
      "author": "Fendt",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Soc Neurosci Abstr"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB182",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3876",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00395.x",
      "article-title": "Different regions of the periaqueductal grey are involved differently in the expression and conditioned inhibition of fear-potentiated startle",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "Fendt",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Eur J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB183",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "163",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(94)91193-2",
      "article-title": "Lesions of the central gray block the sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats",
      "volume": "661",
      "author": "Fendt",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB184",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "379",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0166-2236(94)90047-7",
      "article-title": "Columnar organization in the midbrain periaqueductal gray: modules for emotional expression",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Bandler",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Trends Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB185",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "165",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0306-4522(97)83047-3",
      "article-title": "Conditioned fear to context is associated with increased fos expression in the caudal ventrolateral region of the midbrain periaqueductal gray",
      "volume": "78",
      "author": "Carrive",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Neuroscience"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB186",
      "first-page": "1067",
      "article-title": "Sensitization fear conditioning and pharmacological modulation of acoustic startle following lesions of the dorsal periaqueductal gray",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "Cassella",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "Soc Neurosci Abstr"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB187",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "54",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0097-7403.15.1.54",
      "article-title": "Influence of long-term sensitization on long-term habituation of the acoustic startle response in rats: Central gray lesions preexposure and extinction",
      "volume": "15",
      "author": "Borszcz",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "J Exp Psychol: Animal Behav Proc"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB188",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "692",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.111.4.692",
      "article-title": "Involvement of the dorsal periaqueductal gray in the loss of fear-potentiated startle accompanying high footshock training",
      "volume": "111",
      "author": "Walker",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB189",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1349",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.110.6.1349",
      "article-title": "Contribution of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons to expression of conditional fear: effects of electrical stimulation excitotoxin lesions and quinpirole infusion on potentiated startle in rats",
      "volume": "110",
      "author": "Borowski",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB190",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3097",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-09-03097.1996",
      "article-title": "Somatostatin in the pontine reticular formation modulates fear- potentiation of the acoustic startle response: an anatomical electrophysiological and behavioral study",
      "volume": "16",
      "author": "Fendt",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB191",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "353",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(70)90062-4",
      "article-title": "Mesencephalic central gray lesions and fear-motivated behavior in rats",
      "volume": "23",
      "author": "Liebman",
      "year": "1970",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB192",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3426",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-09-03426.1998",
      "article-title": "Distinct regions of the periaqueductal gray are involved in the acquisition and expression of defensive responses",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "De Oca",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB193",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "61",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1098-2337(1995)21:1<63::AID-AB2480210109>3.0.CO;2-F",
      "article-title": "Ventral and dorsolateral regions of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) control different stages of defensive behavior: dorsolateral PAG lesions enhance the defensive freezing produced by massed and immediate shock",
      "volume": "21",
      "author": "Fanselow",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Aggress Behav"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB194",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "377",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.107.2.377",
      "article-title": "The role of the amygdala and dorsal raphe nucleus in mediating the behavioral consequences of inescapable shock",
      "volume": "107",
      "author": "Maier",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB195",
      "series-title": "The midbrain periaqueductal gray",
      "article-title": "Midbrain periaqueductal gray control of defensive behavior in the cat and the rat",
      "author": "Bandler",
      "year": "1991"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB196",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "88",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(90)90343-A",
      "article-title": "Conditioned hypoalgesia is attenuated by naltrexone applied to the periaqueductal gray",
      "volume": "537",
      "author": "Helmstetter",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB197",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "81",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0166-4328(94)90053-1",
      "article-title": "Substance P is involved in the sensitization of the acoustic startle response by footshocks in rats",
      "volume": "63",
      "author": "Krase",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Behav Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB198",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "29",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0006-8993(94)90005-1",
      "article-title": "Substance P and other putative transmitters modulate the activity of reticular pontine neurons: an electrophysiological and immunohistochemical study",
      "volume": "643",
      "author": "Kungel",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB199",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "669",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.109.4.669",
      "article-title": "Fear-potentiated startle and electrically evoked startle mediated by synapses in rostrolateral midbrain",
      "volume": "109",
      "author": "Frankland",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB200",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "2081",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00001756-199510010-00030",
      "article-title": "Cholecystokinin enhances the acoustic startle response in rats",
      "volume": "6",
      "author": "Fendt",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "NeuroReport"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB201",
      "series-title": "Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy. Vol. 4: GABA and Neuropeptides in the CNS",
      "first-page": "406",
      "article-title": "Neuronal cholecystokinin",
      "author": "Vanderhaeghen",
      "year": "1985"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB202",
      "series-title": "The hippocampus as a cognitive map",
      "author": "O'Keefe",
      "year": "1978"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB203",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "129",
      "DOI": "10.3758/BF03337828",
      "article-title": "Configural association theory: the role of the hippocampal formation in learning memory and amnesia",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "Sutherland",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Psychobiology"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB204",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1088",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.107.6.1088",
      "article-title": "Effects of amygdala hippocampus and periaqueductal gray lesions on short- and long-term contextual fear",
      "volume": "107",
      "author": "Kim",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB205",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "274",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.106.2.274",
      "article-title": "Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning",
      "volume": "106",
      "author": "Phillips",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB206",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "261",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0166-4328(97)00088-0",
      "article-title": "Neurotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus and Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats",
      "volume": "88",
      "author": "Maren",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Behav Brain Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB207",
      "first-page": "195",
      "article-title": "The startled seahorse: Is the hippocampus necessary for contextual fear conditioning",
      "volume": "2",
      "author": "Maren",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "Psychol Rev"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB208",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "142",
      "DOI": "10.1006/nlme.1996.3752",
      "article-title": "Electrolytic lesions of the fimbria/fornix dorsal hippocampus or entorhinal cortex produce anterograde deficits in contextual fear conditioning in rats",
      "volume": "67",
      "author": "Maren",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Neurobiol Learn Memory"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB209",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "195",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0033-295X.99.2.195",
      "article-title": "Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats monkeys and humans",
      "volume": "2",
      "author": "Squire",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Psychol Rev"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB210",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "1106",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-03-01106.1999",
      "article-title": "Temporally graded retrograde amnesia of contextual fear after hippocampal damage in rats: within-examination",
      "volume": "19",
      "author": "Anagnostaras",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB211",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "9353",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-23-09353.1997",
      "article-title": "Evidence of contextual fear after lesions of the hippocampus: a disruption of freezing but not fear-potentiated startle",
      "volume": "17",
      "author": "McNish",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB212",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "75",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0031-9384(72)90268-5",
      "article-title": "Auditory startle response of hippocampectomized rats",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "Coover",
      "year": "1972",
      "journal-title": "Physiol Behav"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB213",
      "first-page": "811",
      "article-title": "Neuroanatomy and neurotransmitter regulation of defensive behaviors and related emotions in mammals",
      "volume": "27",
      "author": "Graeff",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Brazilian J Med Biol Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB214",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "317",
      "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.001533",
      "article-title": "Mammalian brain substrates of aversive classical conditioning",
      "volume": "44",
      "author": "Lavond",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Annu Rev Psychol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB215",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "209",
      "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001233",
      "article-title": "Emotion: clues from the brain",
      "volume": "46",
      "author": "LeDoux",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Annu Rev Psychol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB216",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "237",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80041-0",
      "article-title": "The amygdala and fear conditioning: has the nut been cracked",
      "volume": "16",
      "author": "Maren",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Neuron"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB217",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "288",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0166-2236(87)90175-5",
      "article-title": "NMDA receptors\u2014their role in long-term potentiation",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "Collingridge",
      "year": "1987",
      "journal-title": "Trends Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB218",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "533",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0149-7634(95)00017-8",
      "article-title": "Long-term potentiation and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors: foundations of memory and neurological disease",
      "volume": "19",
      "author": "Rison",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Neurosci Biobehav Rev"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB219",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "127",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0896-6273(95)90070-5",
      "article-title": "LTP is accompanied by commensurate enhancement of auditory-evoked responses in a fear conditioning circuit",
      "volume": "15",
      "author": "Rogan",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Neuron"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB220",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "405",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0031-9384(88)90044-3",
      "article-title": "Role of the auditory cortex in the acquisition of differential heart rate conditioning",
      "volume": "44",
      "author": "Teich",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Physiol Behav"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB221",
      "series-title": "Biological and biochemical bases of behavior",
      "first-page": "101",
      "article-title": "The neural basis of auditory discrimination",
      "author": "Neff",
      "year": "1958"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB222",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "321",
      "DOI": "10.1152/jn.1960.23.3.321",
      "article-title": "Function of the auditory cortex of cat in frequency discrimination",
      "volume": "23",
      "author": "Thompson",
      "year": "1960",
      "journal-title": "J Neurophysiol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB223",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "718",
      "DOI": "10.1152/jn.1972.35.5.718",
      "article-title": "Effects of unilateral ablation of auditory cortex in cat on complex sound localization",
      "volume": "35",
      "author": "Whitfield",
      "year": "1972",
      "journal-title": "J Neurophysiol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB224",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "295",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0097-7403.15.4.295",
      "article-title": "Temporal specificity of fear conditioning: effects of different conditioned stimulus - unconditioned stimulus intervals on the fear-potentiated startle effect",
      "volume": "15",
      "author": "Davis",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "J Exp Psychol: Animal Behav Proc"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB225",
      "series-title": "Computational neuroscience",
      "first-page": "641",
      "article-title": "Mechanism for temporal encoding in fear conditioning: delay lines in perirhinal cortex and lateral amygdala",
      "author": "Faulkner",
      "year": "1997"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB226",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "229",
      "DOI": "10.1101/lm.3.2-3.229",
      "article-title": "Convergent but temporally separated inputs to lateral amygdala neurons from the auditory thalamus and auditory cortex use different postsynaptic receptors: in vivo intracellular and extracellular recordings in fear conditioning pathways",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "Li",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Learn Mem"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB227",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "580",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.107.4.580",
      "article-title": "Electrolytic lesions of the amygdala block acquisition and expression of fear-potentiated startle even with extensive training but do not prevent reacquisition",
      "volume": "107",
      "author": "Kim",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB228",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "3088",
      "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-08-03088.1998",
      "article-title": "Overtraining does not mitigate contextual fear conditioning deficits produced by neurotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "Maren",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "J Neurosci"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB229",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "77",
      "DOI": "10.1038/41097",
      "article-title": "Different types of fear-conditioned behavior mediated by separate nuclei within the amygdala",
      "volume": "388",
      "author": "Killcross",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Nature"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB230",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "887",
      "DOI": "10.1002/dev.420180505",
      "article-title": "Ontogenesis of learning. VI. Learned and unlearned responses to visual stimulation in the infant hooded rat",
      "volume": "18",
      "author": "Moye",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "Dev Psychobiol"
    },
    {
      "key": "10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0_BIB231",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "887",
      "DOI": "10.1037/0735-7044.107.5.887",
      "article-title": "Contextual and auditory cue conditioning dissociate during development",
      "volume": "107",
      "author": "Rudy",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Behav Neurosci"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0149763499000160?httpAccept=text/xml",
      "content-type": "text/xml",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0149763499000160?httpAccept=text/plain",
      "content-type": "text/plain",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        4,
        8
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-04-08T12:08:17Z",
    "timestamp": 1680955697000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0149763499000160"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1999,
        5
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 231,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "5",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1999,
          5
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "S0149763499000160"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7634(99)00016-0",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0149-7634"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1999,
        5
      ]
    ]
  }
}