DOI: 10.1007/bf02289694. Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling: A Numerical Method

Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling: A Numerical Method

10.1007/bf02289694

Crossref journal-article

Cambridge University Press (CUP)

Psychometrika (56)

Abstract

We describe the numerical methods required in our approach to multi-dimensional scaling. The rationale of this approach has appeared previously.

Bibliography

Kruskal, J. B. (1964). Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling: A Numerical Method. Psychometrika, 29(2), 115â129.

Authors 1

J. B. Kruskal (first)

References 12 Referenced 3,439

10.1137/1004089
{'volume-title': 'Elements of the theory of functions and functional analysis. Vol. 1.Metric and normed spaces', 'year': '1957', 'author': 'Kolmogorov', 'key': 'S0033312300041971_CR6'} / Elements of the theory of functions and functional analysis. Vol. 1.Metric and normed spaces by Kolmogorov (1957)
10.1007/BF02289630
10.1093/biomet/46.1-2.36
{'key': 'S0033312300041971_CR11', 'first-page': '128', 'article-title': 'Maximum likelihood estimation of partially or completely ordered parameters, I', 'volume': '60', 'author': 'van Eeden', 'year': '1957', 'journal-title': 'Proc. Akademie van Wetenschappen'} / Proc. Akademie van Wetenschappen / Maximum likelihood estimation of partially or completely ordered parameters, I by van Eeden (1957)
10.1093/biomet/46.3-4.317
10.1145/320964.320972
10.1111/j.2517-6161.1961.tb00425.x
10.1007/BF02289565
{'volume-title': 'Inequalities', 'year': '1952', 'author': 'Hardy', 'key': 'S0033312300041971_CR4'} / Inequalities by Hardy (1952)
{'key': 'S0033312300041971_CR12', 'first-page': '506', 'article-title': 'Note on two methods for estimating ordered parameters of probability distributions', 'volume': '60', 'author': 'van Eeden', 'year': '1957', 'journal-title': 'Proc. Akademie van Wetenschappen'} / Proc. Akademie van Wetenschappen / Note on two methods for estimating ordered parameters of probability distributions by van Eeden (1957)
10.1111/j.2517-6161.1961.tb00410.x

Dates

Type	When
Created	19 years, 7 months ago (Jan. 25, 2006, 12:57 p.m.)
Deposited	4 months, 3 weeks ago (April 3, 2025, 12:04 a.m.)
Indexed	5 minutes ago (Aug. 30, 2025, 10:26 a.m.)
Issued	61 years, 2 months ago (June 1, 1964)
Published	61 years, 2 months ago (June 1, 1964)
Published Online	7 months, 4 weeks ago (Jan. 1, 2025)
Published Print	61 years, 2 months ago (June 1, 1964)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Kruskal_1964, title={Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling: A Numerical Method}, volume={29}, ISSN={1860-0980}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02289694}, DOI={10.1007/bf02289694}, number={2}, journal={Psychometrika}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Kruskal, J. B.}, year={1964}, month=jun, pages={115–129} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        30
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-30T14:26:42Z",
    "timestamp": 1756564002433,
    "version": "3.40.3"
  },
  "reference-count": 12,
  "publisher": "Cambridge University Press (CUP)",
  "issue": "2",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2025,
            1,
            1
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2025-01-01T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1735689600000
      },
      "content-version": "unspecified",
      "delay-in-days": 22129,
      "URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1964,
        6
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>We describe the numerical methods required in our approach to multi-dimensional scaling. The rationale of this approach has appeared previously.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1007/bf02289694",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2006,
        1,
        25
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2006-01-25T17:57:18Z",
    "timestamp": 1138211838000
  },
  "page": "115-129",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 3439,
  "title": "Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling: A Numerical Method",
  "prefix": "10.1017",
  "volume": "29",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "J. B.",
      "family": "Kruskal",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "56",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        1,
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "S0033312300041971_CR10",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1137/1004089"
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "Elements of the theory of functions and functional analysis. Vol. 1.Metric and normed spaces",
      "year": "1957",
      "author": "Kolmogorov",
      "key": "S0033312300041971_CR6"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0033312300041971_CR9",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02289630"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0033312300041971_CR2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/biomet/46.1-2.36"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0033312300041971_CR11",
      "first-page": "128",
      "article-title": "Maximum likelihood estimation of partially or completely ordered parameters, I",
      "volume": "60",
      "author": "van Eeden",
      "year": "1957",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Akademie van Wetenschappen"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0033312300041971_CR8",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/biomet/46.3-4.317"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0033312300041971_CR5",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1145/320964.320972"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0033312300041971_CR1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.2517-6161.1961.tb00425.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0033312300041971_CR7",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF02289565"
    },
    {
      "volume-title": "Inequalities",
      "year": "1952",
      "author": "Hardy",
      "key": "S0033312300041971_CR4"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0033312300041971_CR12",
      "first-page": "506",
      "article-title": "Note on two methods for estimating ordered parameters of probability distributions",
      "volume": "60",
      "author": "van Eeden",
      "year": "1957",
      "journal-title": "Proc. Akademie van Wetenschappen"
    },
    {
      "key": "S0033312300041971_CR3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.2517-6161.1961.tb00410.x"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Psychometrika",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02289694.pdf",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02289694/fulltext.html",
      "content-type": "text/html",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0033312300041971",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        4,
        3
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-04-03T04:04:47Z",
    "timestamp": 1743653087000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033312300041971/type/journal_article"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1964,
        6
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 12,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "2",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1964,
          6
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "S0033312300041971"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02289694",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0033-3123",
    "1860-0980"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Psychometrika",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1964,
        6
      ]
    ]
  }
}