DOI: 10.1002/qj.49709440204. Freezing and shattering of supercooled water drops

Freezing and shattering of supercooled water drops

10.1002/qj.49709440204

Crossref journal-article

Wiley

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society (311)

Abstract

AbstractSupercooled water drops of about 0·05 cm radius were frozen at temperatures between −4°C and −25°C under various conditions. Explosive shattering and ejected ice splinters were observed when supercooled drops were frozen under conditions of free convection in hydrogen and helium at 1·0 atm pressure, in air below 0·13 atm pressure and in carbon dioxide below 0·05 atm pressure. Drops did not fracture when ventilated at terminal velocity unless they were rotated about an axis normal to the airstream during freezing. Fracture was also observed when either the drops were not allowed sufficient time to attain thermal and solution equilibrium with the environment before nucleation, or when drops were frozen in carbon dioxide at a pressure above 0·3 atm.A condition for drop fracture is the establishment of a strong shell of ice around the drop, which in turn depends on the distribution of heat transfer to the environment during freezing and on the effective thermal conductivity of the environment. The volume of gas dissolved in the drop is a secondary factor, except in the case of a very soluble gas such as carbon dioxide where splinters are produced by vigorous effervescence during freezing. In the atmosphere the shattering of an individual drop appears possible only if the drop rotates during freezing. This appears unlikely since any asymmetry in shape would tend to orient the drop as it fell.

Bibliography

Johnson, D. A., & Hallett, J. (1968). Freezing and shattering of supercooled water drops. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 94(402), 468â482. Portico.

Authors 2

D. A. Johnson (first)
J. Hallett (additional)

References 23 Referenced 79

10.1002/qj.49709339805
10.1038/209464a0
10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0082:TIOEPO>2.0.CO;2
10.1002/qj.49708938108
10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021<0671:ESOTCO>2.0.CO;2
1965‘On the structure of precipitation elements formed by the freezing of supercooled water ’Proc. International Conference on Cloud Physics Tokyo and Sapporo pp.201–204.
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_6_1', 'first-page': '263', 'volume-title': 'Heat Transfer', 'author': 'Jakob M.', 'year': '1949'} / Heat Transfer by Jakob M. (1949)
10.1175/1520-0469(1963)020<0029:TGBOSC>2.0.CO;2
Kramer C.1948‘Electrische ladingen aan berijpte oppervlakken ’Ned. Met. Inst. Med. en Verh. Series A pp.54.
Kuhns I. E.1966‘The supercooling and nucleation of water ’ Ph.D. Thesis University of London.
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_10_1', 'first-page': '653', 'article-title': 'Natural convection heat transfer at reduced pressure', 'volume': '49', 'author': 'Kyte J. R.', 'year': '1953', 'journal-title': 'Chem. Eng. Prog.'} / Chem. Eng. Prog. / Natural convection heat transfer at reduced pressure by Kyte J. R. (1953)
10.1098/rspa.1958.0207
10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0452:TSOIGI>2.0.CO;2
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_13_1', 'first-page': '479', 'article-title': 'The nucleation of supercooled water clouds', 'volume': '44', 'author': 'Mason B. J.', 'year': '1956', 'journal-title': 'Sci. Progress'} / Sci. Progress / The nucleation of supercooled water clouds by Mason B. J. (1956)
10.1002/qj.49708235207
10.1002/qj.49708436104
10.1002/qj.49708636806
10.1007/BF01601253
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_16_1', 'first-page': '64', 'article-title': 'Osobennosti zamerzaniia pereokhlazhdennykh kapel vody’ (Peculiarities of freezing supercooled water drops)', 'volume': '26', 'author': 'Muchnik V. M.', 'year': '1961', 'journal-title': 'Trudy Ukrainsk Hydro Meteorological Institute'} / Trudy Ukrainsk Hydro Meteorological Institute / Osobennosti zamerzaniia pereokhlazhdennykh kapel vody’ (Peculiarities of freezing supercooled water drops) by Muchnik V. M. (1961)
10.1002/qj.49708636805
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_18_1', 'first-page': '173', 'article-title': 'Evaporation from droplets,’ Part 2', 'volume': '48', 'author': 'Ranz W. E.', 'year': '1952', 'journal-title': 'Chem. Eng. Prog.'} / Chem. Eng. Prog. / Evaporation from droplets,’ Part 2 by Ranz W. E. (1952)
10.1002/qj.49709439904
10.1002/qj.49709138711

Dates

Type	When
Created	18 years, 7 months ago (Feb. 2, 2007, 7:10 p.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 10 months ago (Oct. 19, 2023, 2:02 a.m.)
Indexed	1 year ago (Aug. 30, 2024, 11:50 a.m.)
Issued	56 years, 11 months ago (Oct. 1, 1968)
Published	56 years, 11 months ago (Oct. 1, 1968)
Published Online	18 years, 8 months ago (Dec. 14, 2006)
Published Print	56 years, 11 months ago (Oct. 1, 1968)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Johnson_1968, title={Freezing and shattering of supercooled water drops}, volume={94}, ISSN={1477-870X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709440204}, DOI={10.1002/qj.49709440204}, number={402}, journal={Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Johnson, D. A. and Hallett, J.}, year={1968}, month=oct, pages={468–482} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2024,
        8,
        30
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2024-08-30T15:50:09Z",
    "timestamp": 1725033009202
  },
  "reference-count": 23,
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "issue": "402",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2006,
            12,
            14
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2006-12-14T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1166054400000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 13953,
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [
      "rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"
    ],
    "crossmark-restriction": true
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1968,
        10
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Supercooled water drops of about 0\u00b705 cm radius were frozen at temperatures between \u22124\u00b0C and \u221225\u00b0C under various conditions. Explosive shattering and ejected ice splinters were observed when supercooled drops were frozen under conditions of free convection in hydrogen and helium at 1\u00b70 atm pressure, in air below 0\u00b713 atm pressure and in carbon dioxide below 0\u00b705 atm pressure. Drops did not fracture when ventilated at terminal velocity unless they were rotated about an axis normal to the airstream during freezing. Fracture was also observed when either the drops were not allowed sufficient time to attain thermal and solution equilibrium with the environment before nucleation, or when drops were frozen in carbon dioxide at a pressure above 0\u00b73 atm.</jats:p><jats:p>A condition for drop fracture is the establishment of a strong shell of ice around the drop, which in turn depends on the distribution of heat transfer to the environment during freezing and on the effective thermal conductivity of the environment. The volume of gas dissolved in the drop is a secondary factor, except in the case of a very soluble gas such as carbon dioxide where splinters are produced by vigorous effervescence during freezing. In the atmosphere the shattering of an individual drop appears possible only if the drop rotates during freezing. This appears unlikely since any asymmetry in shape would tend to orient the drop as it fell.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1002/qj.49709440204",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2007,
        2,
        3
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2007-02-03T00:10:10Z",
    "timestamp": 1170461410000
  },
  "page": "468-482",
  "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crossmark_policy",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 79,
  "title": "Freezing and shattering of supercooled water drops",
  "prefix": "10.1002",
  "volume": "94",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "D. A.",
      "family": "Johnson",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "J.",
      "family": "Hallett",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "311",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2006,
        12,
        14
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_2_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/qj.49709339805"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_3_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/209464a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_3_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0469(1968)025<0082:TIOEPO>2.0.CO;2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_4_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/qj.49708938108"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_5_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021<0671:ESOTCO>2.0.CO;2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_5_2",
      "unstructured": "1965\u2018On the structure of precipitation elements formed by the freezing of supercooled water \u2019Proc. International Conference on Cloud Physics Tokyo and Sapporo pp.201\u2013204."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_6_1",
      "first-page": "263",
      "volume-title": "Heat Transfer",
      "author": "Jakob M.",
      "year": "1949"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_7_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0469(1963)020<0029:TGBOSC>2.0.CO;2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_8_1",
      "unstructured": "Kramer C.1948\u2018Electrische ladingen aan berijpte oppervlakken \u2019Ned. Met. Inst. Med. en Verh. Series A pp.54."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_9_1",
      "unstructured": "Kuhns I. E.1966\u2018The supercooling and nucleation of water \u2019 Ph.D. Thesis University of London."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_10_1",
      "first-page": "653",
      "article-title": "Natural convection heat transfer at reduced pressure",
      "volume": "49",
      "author": "Kyte J. R.",
      "year": "1953",
      "journal-title": "Chem. Eng. Prog."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_11_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1098/rspa.1958.0207"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_12_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1175/1520-0469(1965)022<0452:TSOIGI>2.0.CO;2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_13_1",
      "first-page": "479",
      "article-title": "The nucleation of supercooled water clouds",
      "volume": "44",
      "author": "Mason B. J.",
      "year": "1956",
      "journal-title": "Sci. Progress"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_13_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/qj.49708235207"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_14_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/qj.49708436104"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_14_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/qj.49708636806"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_15_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF01601253"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_16_1",
      "first-page": "64",
      "article-title": "Osobennosti zamerzaniia pereokhlazhdennykh kapel vody\u2019 (Peculiarities of freezing supercooled water drops)",
      "volume": "26",
      "author": "Muchnik V. M.",
      "year": "1961",
      "journal-title": "Trudy Ukrainsk Hydro Meteorological Institute"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_17_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/qj.49708636805"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_18_1",
      "first-page": "173",
      "article-title": "Evaporation from droplets,\u2019 Part 2",
      "volume": "48",
      "author": "Ranz W. E.",
      "year": "1952",
      "journal-title": "Chem. Eng. Prog."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_19_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/qj.49709439904"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_20_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/qj.49709138711"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fqj.49709440204",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/qj.49709440204",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        10,
        19
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-10-19T06:02:33Z",
    "timestamp": 1697695353000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49709440204"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1968,
        10
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 23,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "402",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1968,
          10
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1002/qj.49709440204"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709440204",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0035-9009",
    "1477-870X"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1968,
        10
      ]
    ]
  },
  "assertion": [
    {
      "value": "1967-06-20",
      "order": 0,
      "name": "received",
      "label": "Received",
      "group": {
        "name": "publication_history",
        "label": "Publication History"
      }
    },
    {
      "value": "2006-12-14",
      "order": 2,
      "name": "published",
      "label": "Published",
      "group": {
        "name": "publication_history",
        "label": "Publication History"
      }
    }
  ]
}