DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800642. Porous Polymers: Enabling Solutions for Energy Applications

Porous Polymers: Enabling Solutions for Energy Applications

10.1002/marc.200800642

Crossref journal-article

Wiley

Macromolecular Rapid Communications (311)

Abstract

AbstractA new generation of porous polymers was made for various energy‐related applications, e.g., as fuel cell membranes, as electrode materials for batteries, for gas storage, partly from renewable resources. This review intends to catch this emerging field by reporting on a variety of different approaches to make high performing polymers porous. This includes template techniques, polymers with inherent microporosity, polymer frameworks by ionothermal polymerization, and the polymerization of carbon from appropriate precursors and by hydrothermal polymerization. In this process, we try to not only identify the current status of the field, but also point to open question and tasks to identify the potentially relevant progress.magnified image

Bibliography

Thomas, A., Kuhn, P., Weber, J., Titirici, M., & Antonietti, M. (2009). Porous Polymers: Enabling Solutions for Energy Applications. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 30(4â5), 221â236. Portico.

Authors 5

Arne Thomas (first)
Pierre Kuhn (additional)
Jens Weber (additional)
Maria‐Magdalena Titirici (additional)
Markus Antonietti (additional)

References 151 Referenced 175

10.1038/35104620
10.1146/annurev.matsci.33.022802.094122
10.1021/cr020715f
10.1149/1.2427622
US 3282875 (1966) DuPont invs.:D. J.Connolly W. F.Gresham.
10.1002/cite.330500415
10.1149/1.1630037
10.1039/B618686F
10.1021/cm0310519
10.1021/cr020711a
10.1016/S1359-0294(03)00006-2
J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys. 2006 44
10.1002/1521-4095(200105)13:9<677::AID-ADMA677>3.0.CO;2-C
10.1002/app.1977.070210401
M.Ise Ph. D. Thesis University of Stuttgart Stuttgart2000.
10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00632-3
10.1038/nmat2074
10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00086-1
10.1016/j.memsci.2003.09.014
10.1149/1.1383071
10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00227-8
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980502)68:5<747::AID-APP7>3.0.CO;2-O
10.1021/cm00060a012
10.1021/jp973477e
10.1016/S0013-4686(03)00201-9
10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00421-7
10.1016/S1387-1811(02)00275-5
10.1021/cm070929j
10.1149/1.2044337
10.1002/macp.1966.020950120
10.1021/cm034398k
10.1021/ma062598m
10.1021/cm702126j
10.1002/adma.200703159
10.1016/j.ssi.2003.09.005
10.1002/marc.200600513
10.1002/adma.200602788
10.1002/macp.200700193
10.1021/ma800042m
10.1002/anie.200604646
10.1007/s10971-007-0736-6
10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00807.x
10.1002/mame.200800183
10.1016/S1359-0286(01)00008-0
10.1002/jssc.200401721
10.1021/cm00022a005
10.1038/46248
10.1038/359710a0
10.1002/1521-4095(20020503)14:9<629::AID-ADMA629>3.0.CO;2-B
10.1002/adma.200300007
10.1038/nature00785
10.1021/cm7024125
10.1002/anie.200704697
10.1126/science.1141929
10.1016/0923-1137(90)90038-6
10.1016/S1381-5148(02)00173-6
10.1039/b711509a
10.1039/b311764b
10.1002/chem.200400860
10.1002/marc.200700346
10.1021/cm00055a008
10.1039/b718925g
10.1021/ja801691x
10.1039/B715563H
10.1002/anie.200701595
10.1021/ja8010176
10.1126/science.1120411
10.1021/ja805064f
10.1021/ja0751781
10.1126/science.1139915
10.1002/adma.200800030
10.1002/anie.200705710
10.1021/ja803708s
10.1039/b814254h
{'key': 'e_1_2_9_75_2', 'author': 'Kuhn P.', 'year': '2008', 'journal-title': 'Macromolecules'} / Macromolecules by Kuhn P. (2008)
10.1038/35104634
10.1002/adma.200306557
10.1039/B712576N
10.1002/anie.200462786
10.1038/nature02311
10.1021/la0523816
10.1021/jp9829602
10.1002/anie.200801163
{'key': 'e_1_2_9_84_2', 'first-page': 'U581', 'volume': '224', 'author': 'Cho S. J.', 'year': '2002', 'journal-title': 'Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc.'} / Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. by Cho S. J. (2002)
10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.05.004
10.1016/j.cattod.2006.09.007
10.1039/b604625h
10.1021/cm061186p
10.1021/cm070356a
10.1002/marc.200700054
10.1039/b618053a
10.1021/ma702495r
{'key': 'e_1_2_9_93_2', 'volume': '92', 'author': 'Choi Y. J.', 'year': '2008', 'journal-title': 'Appl. Phys. Lett.'} / Appl. Phys. Lett. by Choi Y. J. (2008)
10.1039/b703701e
10.1002/adma.200802692
10.1021/cr00035a014
10.1039/B511962F
10.1002/anie.200703934
10.1002/adma.200702397
10.1021/la0355500
{'key': 'e_1_2_9_101_2', 'volume-title': 'Polymeric Gas Separation Membranes', 'author': 'Kesting R. E.', 'year': '1993'} / Polymeric Gas Separation Membranes by Kesting R. E. (1993)
10.1039/b600349d
10.1016/j.memsci.2005.01.009
10.1002/anie.200701920
10.1039/a908130e
10.1021/bk-1997-0672.ch024
10.1021/cm049614j
10.1039/a908713c
10.1002/adma.200700135
10.1002/1439-2054(20020701)287:7<442::AID-MAME442>3.0.CO;2-H
10.1002/adfm.200304363
10.1002/ejoc.200300132
10.1039/B515657B
10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199810)10:14<1137::AID-ADMA1136>3.0.CO;2-V
10.1021/cr0501341
10.1038/26936
10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(200001)12:2<130::AID-ADMA130>3.0.CO;2-P
10.1021/ma702411b
10.1021/nl0487931
10.1002/chem.19970030718
10.1351/pac200577111851
10.1002/1521-3765(20020315)8:6<1424::AID-CHEM1424>3.0.CO;2-Z
10.1002/chem.200701325
10.1021/ac960281m
10.1021/ac990942q
10.1002/adfm.200601152
10.1002/adfm.200700518
10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.025
10.1016/S0008-6223(98)00290-5
10.1002/anie.200704909
10.1016/0079-6700(94)90033-7
10.1021/cr050989d
10.1002/smll.200600047
10.1021/cm052768u
10.1021/cm0707408
10.1002/anie.200600460
10.1039/b516048k
10.1002/anie.200352386
10.1016/S0008-6223(01)00040-9
10.1002/chem.200700037
10.1039/b807009a
{'key': 'e_1_2_9_142_2', 'author': 'Baccile N.', 'year': '2008', 'journal-title': 'Carbon'} / Carbon by Baccile N. (2008)
{'key': 'e_1_2_9_143_2', 'author': 'Demir‐Cakan R.', 'year': '2008', 'journal-title': 'Chem. Mater.'} / Chem. Mater. by Demir‐Cakan R. (2008)
10.1039/b616045j
{'key': 'e_1_2_9_145_2', 'first-page': '1913', 'volume-title': 'Die Anwendung hoher Drücke bei chemischen Vorgängen und eine Nachbildung des Entstehungsprozesses der Steinkohle', 'author': 'Bergius F.'} / Die Anwendung hoher Drücke bei chemischen Vorgängen und eine Nachbildung des Entstehungsprozesses der Steinkohle by Bergius F.
10.1002/macp.200290083
10.1002/adfm.200600501
10.1039/b703569a
10.1021/cm7031288
10.1002/anie.200704287
10.1039/b805671b

Dates

Type	When
Created	16 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 3, 2009, 2:22 a.m.)
Deposited	2 years ago (Aug. 30, 2023, 7:38 a.m.)
Indexed	58 minutes ago (Sept. 3, 2025, 12:49 a.m.)
Issued	16 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 6, 2009)
Published	16 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 6, 2009)
Published Online	16 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 6, 2009)
Published Print	16 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 18, 2009)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Thomas_2009, title={Porous Polymers: Enabling Solutions for Energy Applications}, volume={30}, ISSN={1521-3927}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200800642}, DOI={10.1002/marc.200800642}, number={4–5}, journal={Macromolecular Rapid Communications}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Thomas, Arne and Kuhn, Pierre and Weber, Jens and Titirici, Maria‐Magdalena and Antonietti, Markus}, year={2009}, month=feb, pages={221–236} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        9,
        3
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-09-03T04:49:03Z",
    "timestamp": 1756874943857
  },
  "reference-count": 151,
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "issue": "4-5",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2009,
            2,
            3
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2009-02-03T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1233619200000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2009,
        2,
        18
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>A new generation of porous polymers was made for various energy\u2010related applications, e.g., as fuel cell membranes, as electrode materials for batteries, for gas storage, partly from renewable resources. This review intends to catch this emerging field by reporting on a variety of different approaches to make high performing polymers porous. This includes template techniques, polymers with inherent microporosity, polymer frameworks by ionothermal polymerization, and the polymerization of carbon from appropriate precursors and by hydrothermal polymerization. In this process, we try to not only identify the current status of the field, but also point to open question and tasks to identify the potentially relevant progress.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:boxed-text content-type=\"graphic\" position=\"anchor\"><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" mimetype=\"image/jpeg\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic/mgra001.jpg\"><jats:alt-text>magnified image</jats:alt-text></jats:graphic></jats:boxed-text>\n</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1002/marc.200800642",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2009,
        2,
        3
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2009-02-03T07:22:11Z",
    "timestamp": 1233645731000
  },
  "page": "221-236",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 175,
  "title": "Porous Polymers: Enabling Solutions for Energy Applications",
  "prefix": "10.1002",
  "volume": "30",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Arne",
      "family": "Thomas",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Pierre",
      "family": "Kuhn",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Jens",
      "family": "Weber",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Maria\u2010Magdalena",
      "family": "Titirici",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Markus",
      "family": "Antonietti",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "311",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2009,
        2,
        6
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_1_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/35104620"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_2_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.matsci.33.022802.094122"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_3_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cr020715f"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_4_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1149/1.2427622"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_5_2",
      "unstructured": "US 3282875 (1966) DuPont invs.:D. J.Connolly W. F.Gresham."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_6_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/cite.330500415"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_7_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1149/1.1630037"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_8_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/B618686F"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_9_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cm0310519"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_10_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cr020711a"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_11_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-0294(03)00006-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_12_2",
      "unstructured": "J. Polym. Sci. B: Polym. Phys. 2006 44"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_13_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1521-4095(200105)13:9<677::AID-ADMA677>3.0.CO;2-C"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_14_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/app.1977.070210401"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_15_2",
      "unstructured": "M.Ise Ph. D. Thesis University of Stuttgart Stuttgart2000."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_16_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00632-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_17_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat2074"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_18_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00086-1"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_19_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.memsci.2003.09.014"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_20_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1149/1.1383071"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_21_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0022-0728(00)00227-8"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_22_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980502)68:5<747::AID-APP7>3.0.CO;2-O"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_23_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cm00060a012"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_24_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/jp973477e"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_25_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0013-4686(03)00201-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_26_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00421-7"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_27_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1387-1811(02)00275-5"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_28_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cm070929j"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_29_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1149/1.2044337"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_30_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/macp.1966.020950120"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_31_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cm034398k"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_32_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ma062598m"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_33_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cm702126j"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_34_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.200703159"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_35_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.ssi.2003.09.005"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_36_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/marc.200600513"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_37_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.200602788"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_38_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/macp.200700193"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_39_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ma800042m"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_40_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/anie.200604646"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_41_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s10971-007-0736-6"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_42_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00807.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_43_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/mame.200800183"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_44_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1359-0286(01)00008-0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_45_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/jssc.200401721"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_46_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cm00022a005"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_47_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/46248"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_48_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/359710a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_49_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1521-4095(20020503)14:9<629::AID-ADMA629>3.0.CO;2-B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_50_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.200300007"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_51_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature00785"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_52_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cm7024125"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_53_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/anie.200704697"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_54_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1141929"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_55_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0923-1137(90)90038-6"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_56_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1381-5148(02)00173-6"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_57_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/b711509a"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_58_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/b311764b"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_59_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/chem.200400860"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_60_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/marc.200700346"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_61_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cm00055a008"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_62_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/b718925g"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_63_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ja801691x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_64_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/B715563H"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_65_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/anie.200701595"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_66_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ja8010176"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_67_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1120411"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_68_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ja805064f"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_69_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ja0751781"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_70_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1139915"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_71_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.200800030"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_72_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/anie.200705710"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_73_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ja803708s"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_74_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/b814254h"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_75_2",
      "author": "Kuhn P.",
      "year": "2008",
      "journal-title": "Macromolecules"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_76_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/35104634"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_77_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.200306557"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_78_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/B712576N"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_79_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/anie.200462786"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_80_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature02311"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_81_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/la0523816"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_82_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/jp9829602"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_83_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/anie.200801163"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_84_2",
      "first-page": "U581",
      "volume": "224",
      "author": "Cho S. J.",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_85_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.05.004"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_86_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.cattod.2006.09.007"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_87_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/b604625h"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_88_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cm061186p"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_89_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cm070356a"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_90_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/marc.200700054"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_91_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/b618053a"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_92_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ma702495r"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_93_2",
      "volume": "92",
      "author": "Choi Y. J.",
      "year": "2008",
      "journal-title": "Appl. Phys. Lett."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_94_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/b703701e"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_95_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.200802692"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_96_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cr00035a014"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_97_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/B511962F"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_98_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/anie.200703934"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_99_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.200702397"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_100_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/la0355500"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_101_2",
      "volume-title": "Polymeric Gas Separation Membranes",
      "author": "Kesting R. E.",
      "year": "1993"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_102_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/b600349d"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_103_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.memsci.2005.01.009"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_104_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/anie.200701920"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_105_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/a908130e"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_106_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/bk-1997-0672.ch024"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_107_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cm049614j"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_108_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/a908713c"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_109_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.200700135"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_110_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1439-2054(20020701)287:7<442::AID-MAME442>3.0.CO;2-H"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_111_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adfm.200304363"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_112_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/ejoc.200300132"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_113_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/B515657B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_114_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199810)10:14<1137::AID-ADMA1136>3.0.CO;2-V"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_115_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cr0501341"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_116_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/26936"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_117_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(200001)12:2<130::AID-ADMA130>3.0.CO;2-P"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_118_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ma702411b"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_119_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl0487931"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_120_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/chem.19970030718"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_121_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1351/pac200577111851"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_122_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1521-3765(20020315)8:6<1424::AID-CHEM1424>3.0.CO;2-Z"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_123_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/chem.200701325"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_124_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ac960281m"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_125_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ac990942q"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_126_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adfm.200601152"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_127_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adfm.200700518"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_128_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.025"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_129_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0008-6223(98)00290-5"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_130_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/anie.200704909"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_131_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0079-6700(94)90033-7"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_132_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cr050989d"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_133_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/smll.200600047"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_134_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cm052768u"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_135_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cm0707408"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_136_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/anie.200600460"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_137_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/b516048k"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_138_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/anie.200352386"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_139_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0008-6223(01)00040-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_140_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/chem.200700037"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_141_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/b807009a"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_142_2",
      "author": "Baccile N.",
      "year": "2008",
      "journal-title": "Carbon"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_143_2",
      "author": "Demir\u2010Cakan R.",
      "year": "2008",
      "journal-title": "Chem. Mater."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_144_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/b616045j"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_145_2",
      "first-page": "1913",
      "volume-title": "Die Anwendung hoher Dr\u00fccke bei chemischen Vorg\u00e4ngen und eine Nachbildung des Entstehungsprozesses der Steinkohle",
      "author": "Bergius F."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_146_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/macp.200290083"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_147_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adfm.200600501"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_148_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/b703569a"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_149_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cm7031288"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_150_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/anie.200704287"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_9_151_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/b805671b"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Macromolecular Rapid Communications",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fmarc.200800642",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/marc.200800642",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        8,
        30
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-08-30T11:38:10Z",
    "timestamp": 1693395490000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/marc.200800642"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2009,
        2,
        6
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 151,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "4-5",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2009,
          2,
          18
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1002/marc.200800642"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200800642",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "1022-1336",
    "1521-3927"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Macromol. Rapid Commun.",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2009,
        2,
        6
      ]
    ]
  }
}