DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30386. Microscopic observations of superficial ultrastructure of unworn siloxane‐hydrogel contact lenses by cryo‐scanning electron microscopy

Microscopic observations of superficial ultrastructure of unworn siloxane‐hydrogel contact lenses by cryo‐scanning electron microscopy

10.1002/jbm.b.30386

Crossref journal-article

Wiley

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials (311)

Abstract

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyze three commercial siloxane‐hydrogel contact lens materials, lotrafilcon A, balafilcon A, and galyfilcon A, by cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryoSEM). The fully hydrated lenses were frozen in slush liquid nitrogen and qualitatively observed in a cryogenic scanning electron microscope. The superficial ultrastructure of the siloxane‐hydrogels was observed at the areas where the lens fractured during sample cryogenic preparation. There are qualitative differences among the three examined materials in the complex polymer network structure existing between the outer layer and the underlying polymer. CryoSEM, although destructive, is a useful tool to investigate the structure of polymers used in contact lenses. This technique allows the observation of the inner structure of polymers in the hydrated state. The ultrastructure, the polymer network underlying the outer surface of siloxane‐hydrogels by cryoSEM microscopy, have never been reported before. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006

Bibliography

GonzÃ¡lezâMÃ©ijome, J. M., LÃ³pezâAlemany, A., Almeida, J. B., Parafita, M. A., & Refojo, M. F. (2005). Microscopic observations of superficial ultrastructure of unworn siloxaneâhydrogel contact lenses by cryoâscanning electron microscopy. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 76B(2), 419â423. Portico.

Authors 5

José M. González‐Méijome (first)
Antonio López‐Alemany (additional)
José B. Almeida (additional)
Manuel A. Parafita (additional)
Miguel F. Refojo (additional)

References 22 Referenced 32

10.1097/00003226-200009000-00018
{'key': 'e_1_2_6_3_2', 'first-page': '1161', 'article-title': 'Critical oxygen levels to avoid corneal edema for daily and extended wear contact lenses', 'volume': '25', 'author': 'Holden BA', 'year': '1984', 'journal-title': 'Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci'} / Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci / Critical oxygen levels to avoid corneal edema for daily and extended wear contact lenses by Holden BA (1984)
10.1097/00006324-199910000-00023
{'key': 'e_1_2_6_5_2', 'first-page': '1', 'volume-title': 'Silicone hydrogels. The rebirth of continuous wear contact lenses', 'author': 'Tighe B', 'year': '2004'} / Silicone hydrogels. The rebirth of continuous wear contact lenses by Tighe B (2004)
10.1002/1097-4636(20010315)54:4<597::AID-JBM170>3.0.CO;2-S
10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00166-1
10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00292-7
10.1097/01.opx.0000135099.01664.3d
10.1016/0142-9612(95)91089-H
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199609)32:1<45::AID-JBM6>3.0.CO;2-P
{'key': 'e_1_2_6_12_2', 'first-page': '232', 'article-title': 'Surface deposits on frequent replacement and conventional daily wear soft contact lenses: a scanning electron microscopic study', 'volume': '24', 'author': 'Ilhan B', 'year': '1998', 'journal-title': 'CLAO J'} / CLAO J / Surface deposits on frequent replacement and conventional daily wear soft contact lenses: a scanning electron microscopic study by Ilhan B (1998)
10.1002/polc.5070660124 / J Polym Sci C Polym Symp / Microscopic determination of the penetration of proteins and polysaccharides into poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and similar hydrogels by Refojo MF (1979)
10.1002/jbm.10186
10.1002/bit.10287
10.1002/bit.10286
10.1135/cccc20030812
10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19930241.x
10.1104/pp.124.3.1191
10.1046/j.1365-2818.2000.00679.x
{'key': 'e_1_2_6_21_2', 'first-page': '245', 'volume-title': 'Reflexive Polymers and Hydrogels: Understanding and Designing Fast Responsive Polymeric Systems', 'author': 'Gemeinhart R', 'year': '2004'} / Reflexive Polymers and Hydrogels: Understanding and Designing Fast Responsive Polymeric Systems by Gemeinhart R (2004)
10.1002/1099-1581(200008/12)11:8/12<617::AID-PAT12>3.0.CO;2-L
{'key': 'e_1_2_6_23_2', 'first-page': '23', 'article-title': 'A next‐generation silicone hydrogel lens for daily wear. I. Material properties', 'volume': '227', 'author': 'Steffen R', 'year': '2004', 'journal-title': 'Optician'} / Optician / A next‐generation silicone hydrogel lens for daily wear. I. Material properties by Steffen R (2004)

Dates

Type	When
Created	19 years, 10 months ago (Sept. 23, 2005, 12:49 p.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 10 months ago (Oct. 16, 2023, 1:49 p.m.)
Indexed	3 months, 4 weeks ago (April 22, 2025, 4:28 a.m.)
Issued	19 years, 10 months ago (Sept. 23, 2005)
Published	19 years, 10 months ago (Sept. 23, 2005)
Published Online	19 years, 10 months ago (Sept. 23, 2005)
Published Print	19 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 1, 2006)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Gonz_lez_M_ijome_2005, title={Microscopic observations of superficial ultrastructure of unworn siloxane‐hydrogel contact lenses by cryo‐scanning electron microscopy}, volume={76B}, ISSN={1552-4981}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30386}, DOI={10.1002/jbm.b.30386}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials}, publisher={Wiley}, author={González‐Méijome, José M. and López‐Alemany, Antonio and Almeida, José B. and Parafita, Manuel A. and Refojo, Miguel F.}, year={2005}, month=sep, pages={419–423} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        4,
        22
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-04-22T08:28:55Z",
    "timestamp": 1745310535550
  },
  "reference-count": 22,
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "issue": "2",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2005,
            9,
            23
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2005-09-23T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1127433600000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2006,
        2
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to analyze three commercial siloxane\u2010hydrogel contact lens materials, lotrafilcon A, balafilcon A, and galyfilcon A, by cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryoSEM). The fully hydrated lenses were frozen in slush liquid nitrogen and qualitatively observed in a cryogenic scanning electron microscope. The superficial ultrastructure of the siloxane\u2010hydrogels was observed at the areas where the lens fractured during sample cryogenic preparation. There are qualitative differences among the three examined materials in the complex polymer network structure existing between the outer layer and the underlying polymer. CryoSEM, although destructive, is a useful tool to investigate the structure of polymers used in contact lenses. This technique allows the observation of the inner structure of polymers in the hydrated state. The ultrastructure, the polymer network underlying the outer surface of siloxane\u2010hydrogels by cryoSEM microscopy, have never been reported before. \u00a9 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1002/jbm.b.30386",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        9,
        23
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2005-09-23T16:49:05Z",
    "timestamp": 1127494145000
  },
  "page": "419-423",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 32,
  "title": "Microscopic observations of superficial ultrastructure of unworn siloxane\u2010hydrogel contact lenses by cryo\u2010scanning electron microscopy",
  "prefix": "10.1002",
  "volume": "76B",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Jos\u00e9 M.",
      "family": "Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010M\u00e9ijome",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Antonio",
      "family": "L\u00f3pez\u2010Alemany",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Jos\u00e9 B.",
      "family": "Almeida",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Manuel A.",
      "family": "Parafita",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Miguel F.",
      "family": "Refojo",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "311",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        9,
        23
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_2_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00003226-200009000-00018"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_3_2",
      "first-page": "1161",
      "article-title": "Critical oxygen levels to avoid corneal edema for daily and extended wear contact lenses",
      "volume": "25",
      "author": "Holden BA",
      "year": "1984",
      "journal-title": "Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_4_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00006324-199910000-00023"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_5_2",
      "first-page": "1",
      "volume-title": "Silicone hydrogels. The rebirth of continuous wear contact lenses",
      "author": "Tighe B",
      "year": "2004"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_6_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1097-4636(20010315)54:4<597::AID-JBM170>3.0.CO;2-S"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_7_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00166-1"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_8_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00292-7"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_9_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1097/01.opx.0000135099.01664.3d"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_10_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0142-9612(95)91089-H"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_11_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199609)32:1<45::AID-JBM6>3.0.CO;2-P"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_12_2",
      "first-page": "232",
      "article-title": "Surface deposits on frequent replacement and conventional daily wear soft contact lenses: a scanning electron microscopic study",
      "volume": "24",
      "author": "Ilhan B",
      "year": "1998",
      "journal-title": "CLAO J"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_13_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "227",
      "DOI": "10.1002/polc.5070660124",
      "article-title": "Microscopic determination of the penetration of proteins and polysaccharides into poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and similar hydrogels",
      "author": "Refojo MF",
      "year": "1979",
      "journal-title": "J Polym Sci C Polym Symp"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_14_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/jbm.10186"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_15_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/bit.10287"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_16_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/bit.10286"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_17_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1135/cccc20030812"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_18_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19930241.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_19_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1104/pp.124.3.1191"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_20_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1046/j.1365-2818.2000.00679.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_21_2",
      "first-page": "245",
      "volume-title": "Reflexive Polymers and Hydrogels: Understanding and Designing Fast Responsive Polymeric Systems",
      "author": "Gemeinhart R",
      "year": "2004"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_22_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1099-1581(200008/12)11:8/12<617::AID-PAT12>3.0.CO;2-L"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_6_23_2",
      "first-page": "23",
      "article-title": "A next\u2010generation silicone hydrogel lens for daily wear. I. Material properties",
      "volume": "227",
      "author": "Steffen R",
      "year": "2004",
      "journal-title": "Optician"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fjbm.b.30386",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jbm.b.30386",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        10,
        16
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-10-16T17:49:32Z",
    "timestamp": 1697478572000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jbm.b.30386"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        9,
        23
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 22,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "2",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2006,
          2
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1002/jbm.b.30386"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30386",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "1552-4973",
    "1552-4981"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "J Biomed Mater Res",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        9,
        23
      ]
    ]
  }
}