DOI: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01668.x. Virus Inactivation in Water‐Softening Precipitation Processes

Virus Inactivation in Water‐Softening Precipitation Processes

10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01668.x

Crossref journal-article

Wiley

Journal AWWA (311)

Abstract

The principal objective of this research was to determine the nature and extent of the effect of water‐softening precipitation processes on bacterial viruses. The virus used in this study was the T2 bacteriophage. Esch. coli, strain B, was used in a pure culture as the host bacterium for quantitative determinations of the virus concentration. Stock solutions of coagulants were prepared from reagent grade chemicals. Synthetic water samples, containing known amounts of calcium, magnesium, alkalinity, carbon dioxide, and total hardness in the range of 100‐500 mg/l were prepared and placed in each of five 2,000‐ml reaction beakers. A sixth beaker, containing the same volume of distilled water adjusted to pH 7.0 with a hydrated lime solution, served as a control. The six beakers were placed under a standard jar test machine with a variable‐speed mixer. Appropriate volumes of stock bacteriophage suspension were diluted and added to each of the beakers. Immediately after the initiation of rapid mixing (100 rpm), the required amounts of softening chemicals were added, and rapid mixing was continued for one minute after addition of the chemicals.

Bibliography

Thayer, S. E., & Sproul, O. J. (1966). Virus Inactivation in WaterâSoftening Precipitation Processes. Journal AWWA, 58(8), 1063â1074. Portico.

Authors 2

Steven E. Thayer (first)
Otis J. Sproul (additional)

References 25 Referenced 8

10.1016/B978-1-4832-8391-3.50039-7
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_3_1', 'first-page': '683', 'article-title': 'The Effect of Sewage Treatment on Viruses', 'volume': '31', 'author': 'Kelly S.', 'year': '1959', 'journal-title': 'Sewage Ind. Wastes'} / Sewage Ind. Wastes / The Effect of Sewage Treatment on Viruses by Kelly S. (1959)
10.1002/j.1551-8833.1962.tb00953.x
10.1002/j.1551-8833.1961.tb00784.x
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_6_1', 'first-page': '253', 'article-title': 'Studies on Destruction of Bacterial Virus. III. Dynamics of the Removal of Bacterial Virus (Bacteriophage against Micrococcus Pyogenes var. Albus) in Water by Flocculation with Aluminum Sulfate', 'volume': '57', 'author': 'Chang S. L.', 'year': '1953', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Hyg.'} / Am. J. Hyg. / Studies on Destruction of Bacterial Virus. III. Dynamics of the Removal of Bacterial Virus (Bacteriophage against Micrococcus Pyogenes var. Albus) in Water by Flocculation with Aluminum Sulfate by Chang S. L. (1953)
10.1002/j.1551-8833.1962.tb00954.x
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_8_1', 'first-page': '1290', 'article-title': 'Discussion of “Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes in Virus Removal.”', 'volume': '54', 'author': 'Hartung H. O.', 'year': '1962', 'journal-title': 'Jour. AWWA'} / Jour. AWWA / Discussion of “Effectiveness of Water Treatment Processes in Virus Removal.” by Hartung H. O. (1962)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_9_1', 'volume-title': 'The Effects of Ions on Removal of Viruses from Water by Polyelectrolytes', 'author': 'Nixon F. P.', 'year': '1965'} / The Effects of Ions on Removal of Viruses from Water by Polyelectrolytes by Nixon F. P. (1965)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_10_1', 'first-page': '184', 'article-title': 'Studies on Destruction of Bacterial Virus. I. A Critical Study of the Quantitative Determination of Bacterial Virus by the Plaque Count Method', 'volume': '52', 'author': 'Chang S. L.', 'year': '1950', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Hyg.'} / Am. J. Hyg. / Studies on Destruction of Bacterial Virus. I. A Critical Study of the Quantitative Determination of Bacterial Virus by the Plaque Count Method by Chang S. L. (1950)
10.1002/j.1551-8833.1961.tb00709.x
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_12_1', 'volume-title': 'Electrophoresis', 'author': 'Bier Milan', 'year': '1959'} / Electrophoresis by Bier Milan (1959)
10.1126/science.111.2888.481
10.1021/ja01141a539
10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41228-2
10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60699-5
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_17_1', 'volume-title': 'The Chemistry of Living Cells', 'author': 'Downes H. R.', 'year': '1955'} / The Chemistry of Living Cells by Downes H. R. (1955)
10.1016/S0042-6822(64)80017-9
10.1016/0042-6822(65)90093-0
10.3181/00379727-93-22659
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_21_1', 'first-page': '197', 'article-title': 'Studies of the Adenoidal‐Pharyngeal‐Conjuctival (APC) Group of Viruses', 'volume': '61', 'author': 'Rowe W. P.', 'year': '1955', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Hyg.'} / Am. J. Hyg. / Studies of the Adenoidal‐Pharyngeal‐Conjuctival (APC) Group of Viruses by Rowe W. P. (1955)
10.3181/00379727-57-14743
10.4049/jimmunol.69.5.551 / J. Immunol. / Purification Studies on Lansing Poliomyelitis Virus: pH Stability, CNS Extraction & Butanol Purification Experiments by Bachrach H. L. (1952)
10.3181/00379727-75-18272
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_25_1', 'first-page': '321', 'article-title': 'Thermal Destruction of Influenza A Virus Infectivity', 'volume': '16', 'author': 'Lauffer M. A.', 'year': '1948', 'journal-title': 'Arch. Biochem.'} / Arch. Biochem. / Thermal Destruction of Influenza A Virus Infectivity by Lauffer M. A. (1948)
10.1084/jem.80.6.507

Dates

Type	When
Created	7 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 22, 2018, 2:02 p.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 11 months ago (Sept. 24, 2023, 10:09 p.m.)
Indexed	1 year, 11 months ago (Sept. 25, 2023, 8:52 p.m.)
Issued	59 years, 1 month ago (Aug. 1, 1966)
Published	59 years, 1 month ago (Aug. 1, 1966)
Published Online	59 years, 1 month ago (Aug. 1, 1966)
Published Print	59 years, 1 month ago (Aug. 1, 1966)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Thayer_1966, title={Virus Inactivation in Water‐Softening Precipitation Processes}, volume={58}, ISSN={1551-8833}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01668.x}, DOI={10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01668.x}, number={8}, journal={Journal AWWA}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Thayer, Steven E. and Sproul, Otis J.}, year={1966}, month=aug, pages={1063–1074} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        9,
        26
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-09-26T00:52:34Z",
    "timestamp": 1695689554181
  },
  "reference-count": 25,
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "issue": "8",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            1966,
            8,
            1
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "1966-08-01T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": -107913600000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1966,
        8
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:p>The principal objective of this research was to determine the nature and extent of the effect of water\u2010softening precipitation processes on bacterial viruses. The virus used in this study was the T2 bacteriophage. Esch. coli, strain B, was used in a pure culture as the host bacterium for quantitative determinations of the virus concentration. Stock solutions of coagulants were prepared from reagent grade chemicals. Synthetic water samples, containing known amounts of calcium, magnesium, alkalinity, carbon dioxide, and total hardness in the range of 100\u2010500 mg/l were prepared and placed in each of five 2,000\u2010ml reaction beakers. A sixth beaker, containing the same volume of distilled water adjusted to pH 7.0 with a hydrated lime solution, served as a control. The six beakers were placed under a standard jar test machine with a variable\u2010speed mixer. Appropriate volumes of stock bacteriophage suspension were diluted and added to each of the beakers. Immediately after the initiation of rapid mixing (100 rpm), the required amounts of softening chemicals were added, and rapid mixing was continued for one minute after addition of the chemicals.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01668.x",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2018,
        2,
        22
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2018-02-22T19:02:34Z",
    "timestamp": 1519326154000
  },
  "page": "1063-1074",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 8,
  "title": "Virus Inactivation in Water\u2010Softening Precipitation Processes",
  "prefix": "10.1002",
  "volume": "58",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Steven E.",
      "family": "Thayer",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Otis J.",
      "family": "Sproul",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "311",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1966,
        8
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_2_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/B978-1-4832-8391-3.50039-7"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_3_1",
      "first-page": "683",
      "article-title": "The Effect of Sewage Treatment on Viruses",
      "volume": "31",
      "author": "Kelly S.",
      "year": "1959",
      "journal-title": "Sewage Ind. Wastes"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_4_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1551-8833.1962.tb00953.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_5_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1551-8833.1961.tb00784.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_6_1",
      "first-page": "253",
      "article-title": "Studies on Destruction of Bacterial Virus. III. Dynamics of the Removal of Bacterial Virus (Bacteriophage against Micrococcus Pyogenes var. Albus) in Water by Flocculation with Aluminum Sulfate",
      "volume": "57",
      "author": "Chang S. L.",
      "year": "1953",
      "journal-title": "Am. J. Hyg."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_7_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1551-8833.1962.tb00954.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_8_1",
      "first-page": "1290",
      "article-title": "Discussion of \u201cEffectiveness of Water Treatment Processes in Virus Removal.\u201d",
      "volume": "54",
      "author": "Hartung H. O.",
      "year": "1962",
      "journal-title": "Jour. AWWA"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_9_1",
      "volume-title": "The Effects of Ions on Removal of Viruses from Water by Polyelectrolytes",
      "author": "Nixon F. P.",
      "year": "1965"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_10_1",
      "first-page": "184",
      "article-title": "Studies on Destruction of Bacterial Virus. I. A Critical Study of the Quantitative Determination of Bacterial Virus by the Plaque Count Method",
      "volume": "52",
      "author": "Chang S. L.",
      "year": "1950",
      "journal-title": "Am. J. Hyg."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_11_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1551-8833.1961.tb00709.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_12_1",
      "volume-title": "Electrophoresis",
      "author": "Bier Milan",
      "year": "1959"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_13_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.111.2888.481"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_14_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ja01141a539"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_15_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41228-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_16_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60699-5"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_17_1",
      "volume-title": "The Chemistry of Living Cells",
      "author": "Downes H. R.",
      "year": "1955"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_18_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0042-6822(64)80017-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_19_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0042-6822(65)90093-0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_20_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.3181/00379727-93-22659"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_21_1",
      "first-page": "197",
      "article-title": "Studies of the Adenoidal\u2010Pharyngeal\u2010Conjuctival (APC) Group of Viruses",
      "volume": "61",
      "author": "Rowe W. P.",
      "year": "1955",
      "journal-title": "Am. J. Hyg."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_22_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.3181/00379727-57-14743"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_23_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "551",
      "DOI": "10.4049/jimmunol.69.5.551",
      "article-title": "Purification Studies on Lansing Poliomyelitis Virus: pH Stability, CNS Extraction & Butanol Purification Experiments",
      "volume": "69",
      "author": "Bachrach H. L.",
      "year": "1952",
      "journal-title": "J. Immunol."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_24_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.3181/00379727-75-18272"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_25_1",
      "first-page": "321",
      "article-title": "Thermal Destruction of Influenza A Virus Infectivity",
      "volume": "16",
      "author": "Lauffer M. A.",
      "year": "1948",
      "journal-title": "Arch. Biochem."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_26_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1084/jem.80.6.507"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Journal AWWA",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fj.1551-8833.1966.tb01668.x",
      "content-type": "application/pdf",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://awwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01668.x",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        9,
        25
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-09-25T02:09:17Z",
    "timestamp": 1695607757000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://awwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01668.x"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1966,
        8
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 25,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "8",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1966,
          8
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01668.x"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01668.x",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0003-150X",
    "1551-8833"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Journal AWWA",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1966,
        8
      ]
    ]
  }
}