DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10579. Sun exposure predicts risk of ocular melanoma in Australia

Sun exposure predicts risk of ocular melanoma in Australia

10.1002/ijc.10579

Crossref journal-article

Wiley

International Journal of Cancer (311)

Abstract

AbstractPrevious studies examining sun exposure and ocular melanoma have produced inconsistent results. We investigated this association in a population‐based case‐control study in Australia. Cases (n = 290) aged 18–79 years were diagnosed between January 1996 and July 1998. Controls (n = 893) were randomly selected from the electoral rolls and frequency‐matched to cases by age, sex and state. A self‐administered questionnaire and a telephone interview measured sun exposure on weekdays and weekends at 10, 20, 30 and 40 years of age and over the whole of life for specific jobs and recreations. Multivariate logistic regression models of ocular melanoma and sun exposure contained age, sex, region of birth, eye color and measures of ocular and cutaneous sun sensitivity as covariates. Choroid and ciliary body melanoma (n = 246) was positively associated with time outdoors on weekdays and, less persuasively, total time outdoors but not ambient solar irradiance. Odds ratios increased with increasing exposure to OR 1.8 (95% confidence interval 1.1–2.8) for the highest quarter of sun exposure on weekdays up to 40 years of age for men and women together. The strongest positive associations were for total exposure up to 40 years of age, lifetime occupational exposure and total exposure at about 20 years of age in men; all had odds ratios between 2 and 3 in the highest exposure categories. There was inconclusive evidence for an association between sun exposure and iris (n = 25) or conjunctival (n = 19) melanomas. Sun exposure is an independent risk factor for choroidal and ciliary body melanoma in Australia. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Bibliography

Vajdic, C. M., Kricker, A., Giblin, M., McKenzie, J., Aitken, J., Giles, G. G., & Armstrong, B. K. (2002). Sun exposure predicts risk of ocular melanoma in Australia. International Journal of Cancer, 101(2), 175â182. Portico.

Authors 7

Claire M. Vajdic (first)
Anne Kricker (additional)
Michael Giblin (additional)
John McKenzie (additional)
Joanne Aitken (additional)
Graham G. Giles (additional)
Bruce K. Armstrong (additional)

References 49 Referenced 111

{'key': 'e_1_2_7_2_2', 'first-page': '775', 'article-title': 'Risk factors for ocular melanoma: Western Canada Melanoma Study', 'volume': '74', 'author': 'Gallagher RP', 'year': '1985', 'journal-title': 'J Natl Cancer Inst'} / J Natl Cancer Inst / Risk factors for ocular melanoma: Western Canada Melanoma Study by Gallagher RP (1985)
10.1056/NEJM198509263131305
10.1001/archopht.1990.01070110090031
{'key': 'e_1_2_7_5_2', 'first-page': '5773', 'article-title': 'Uveal melanoma in relation to ultraviolet light exposure and host factors', 'volume': '50', 'author': 'Holly EA', 'year': '1990', 'journal-title': 'Cancer Res'} / Cancer Res / Uveal melanoma in relation to ultraviolet light exposure and host factors by Holly EA (1990)
10.1002/1097-0142(19921215)70:12<2891::AID-CNCR2820701228>3.0.CO;2-1
10.1111/1523-1747.ep12392754
10.1097/00001648-199601000-00010
10.1076/0928-6586(200009)731-VFT159
10.1023/A:1011271420974
10.1002/ijc.1281
{'key': 'e_1_2_7_12_2', 'first-page': '776', 'article-title': 'Transmission of the ocular media', 'volume': '1', 'author': 'Boettner EA', 'year': '1962', 'journal-title': 'Invest Ophthalmol'} / Invest Ophthalmol / Transmission of the ocular media by Boettner EA (1962)
10.3109/02713688408997182
10.1097/00004032-199107000-00008
{'key': 'e_1_2_7_15_2', 'first-page': '353', 'article-title': 'Ocular exposure to UV‐B in sunlight: the Melbourne visual impairment project model', 'volume': '74', 'author': 'McCarty CA', 'year': '1996', 'journal-title': 'Bull World Health Organ'} / Bull World Health Organ / Ocular exposure to UV‐B in sunlight: the Melbourne visual impairment project model by McCarty CA (1996)
10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03210.x
{'key': 'e_1_2_7_17_2', 'volume-title': 'Health, solar UV radiation and environmental change', 'author': 'Kricker A', 'year': '1993'} / Health, solar UV radiation and environmental change by Kricker A (1993)
10.1002/ijc.2910600410
{'key': 'e_1_2_7_19_2', 'volume-title': 'Laboratory and radiation sub‐section solar exposure data 1947–1998, version NCCSOL 2.204 (8 February 1999)', 'author': 'Bureau of Meteorology', 'year': '1999'} / Laboratory and radiation sub‐section solar exposure data 1947–1998, version NCCSOL 2.204 (8 February 1999) by Bureau of Meteorology (1999)
International Research Institute for Climate Prediction. International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project: solar radiation and cloudiness.http://ingrid.ldgo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.ISCCP/.MONTHLY/.solr/?help+dataselection 1999.
National Centre for Atmospheric Research Atmospheric Chemistry Division. Tropospheric Ultraviolet and Visible Radiation Model version 4.1.www.acd.ucar.edu/TUV 2002.
{'key': 'e_1_2_7_22_2', 'first-page': '113', 'article-title': 'A consideration of ambient solar ultraviolet radiation in the interpretation of studies of the aetiology of melanoma', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'Elwood JM', 'year': '1993', 'journal-title': 'Melanoma Res'} / Melanoma Res / A consideration of ambient solar ultraviolet radiation in the interpretation of studies of the aetiology of melanoma by Elwood JM (1993)
{'key': 'e_1_2_7_23_2', 'volume-title': 'Rural, remote and metropolitan areas classification', 'author': 'Department of Human Services and Health', 'year': '1994'} / Rural, remote and metropolitan areas classification by Department of Human Services and Health (1994)
10.2105/AJPH.76.10.1216
10.2105/AJPH.78.1.72
10.1097/00006324-199006000-00007
10.1097/00006324-199401000-00001
{'key': 'e_1_2_7_28_2', 'first-page': '1003', 'article-title': 'Visible and ultraviolet‐B ocular‐ambient exposure ratios for a general population. Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project Team', 'volume': '38', 'author': 'Duncan DD', 'year': '1997', 'journal-title': 'Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci'} / Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci / Visible and ultraviolet‐B ocular‐ambient exposure ratios for a general population. Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project Team by Duncan DD (1997)
10.1364/AO.39.003592
10.1111/j.1751-1097.1995.tb08723.x
{'key': 'e_1_2_7_31_2', 'first-page': '781', 'article-title': 'Physical factors in cataractogenesis: ambient ultraviolet radiation and temperature', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'Sliney DH', 'year': '1986', 'journal-title': 'Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci'} / Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci / Physical factors in cataractogenesis: ambient ultraviolet radiation and temperature by Sliney DH (1986)
{'key': 'e_1_2_7_32_2', 'volume-title': 'How Australians use their time', 'author': 'Australian Bureau of Statistics', 'year': '1998'} / How Australians use their time by Australian Bureau of Statistics (1998)
10.1002/ajim.4700130413
{'key': 'e_1_2_7_34_2', 'volume-title': 'Occupational mortality in Washington State 1950–1979', 'author': 'Milham SJ', 'year': '1983'} / Occupational mortality in Washington State 1950–1979 by Milham SJ (1983)
10.1016/0959-8049(94)90421-9
10.1002/ajim.4700110202
10.1097/00001648-200109000-00015
{'key': 'e_1_2_7_38_2', 'volume-title': 'Risk factors for cancer in the workplace', 'author': 'Siemiatycki J', 'year': '1991'} / Risk factors for cancer in the workplace by Siemiatycki J (1991)
10.1097/00043764-199503000-00002
10.1007/s004170100271
{'key': 'e_1_2_7_41_2', 'first-page': '143', 'article-title': 'Cancer of the eye, a review of trends and differentials', 'volume': '31', 'author': 'Hakulinen T', 'year': '1978', 'journal-title': 'World Health Stat Q'} / World Health Stat Q / Cancer of the eye, a review of trends and differentials by Hakulinen T (1978)
10.1093/jnci/56.3.489
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113636
10.1111/j.1755-3768.1985.tb01577.x
10.1016/1011-1344(95)07171-5
10.1364/JOSAA.7.000170
10.1006/exer.1999.0687
10.1002/ijc.2910400206
10.1111/j.1751-1097.1985.tb01555.x
{'key': 'e_1_2_7_50_2', 'first-page': '649', 'article-title': 'The ocular dose of ultraviolet radiation to outdoor workers', 'volume': '29', 'author': 'Rosenthal FS', 'year': '1988', 'journal-title': 'Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci'} / Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci / The ocular dose of ultraviolet radiation to outdoor workers by Rosenthal FS (1988)

Dates

Type	When
Created	22 years, 11 months ago (Sept. 5, 2002, 4:17 p.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 10 months ago (Oct. 16, 2023, 6:45 p.m.)
Indexed	1 month ago (July 22, 2025, 7:15 a.m.)
Issued	23 years ago (Aug. 19, 2002)
Published	23 years ago (Aug. 19, 2002)
Published Online	23 years ago (Aug. 19, 2002)
Published Print	22 years, 11 months ago (Sept. 10, 2002)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Vajdic_2002, title={Sun exposure predicts risk of ocular melanoma in Australia}, volume={101}, ISSN={1097-0215}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.10579}, DOI={10.1002/ijc.10579}, number={2}, journal={International Journal of Cancer}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Vajdic, Claire M. and Kricker, Anne and Giblin, Michael and McKenzie, John and Aitken, Joanne and Giles, Graham G. and Armstrong, Bruce K.}, year={2002}, month=aug, pages={175–182} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        7,
        22
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-07-22T11:15:52Z",
    "timestamp": 1753182952138
  },
  "reference-count": 49,
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "issue": "2",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2002,
            8,
            19
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2002-08-19T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1029715200000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        9,
        10
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies examining sun exposure and ocular melanoma have produced inconsistent results. We investigated this association in a population\u2010based case\u2010control study in Australia. Cases (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 290) aged 18\u201379 years were diagnosed between January 1996 and July 1998. Controls (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 893) were randomly selected from the electoral rolls and frequency\u2010matched to cases by age, sex and state. A self\u2010administered questionnaire and a telephone interview measured sun exposure on weekdays and weekends at 10, 20, 30 and 40 years of age and over the whole of life for specific jobs and recreations. Multivariate logistic regression models of ocular melanoma and sun exposure contained age, sex, region of birth, eye color and measures of ocular and cutaneous sun sensitivity as covariates. Choroid and ciliary body melanoma (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 246) was positively associated with time outdoors on weekdays and, less persuasively, total time outdoors but not ambient solar irradiance. Odds ratios increased with increasing exposure to OR 1.8 (95% confidence interval 1.1\u20132.8) for the highest quarter of sun exposure on weekdays up to 40 years of age for men and women together. The strongest positive associations were for total exposure up to 40 years of age, lifetime occupational exposure and total exposure at about 20 years of age in men; all had odds ratios between 2 and 3 in the highest exposure categories. There was inconclusive evidence for an association between sun exposure and iris (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 25) or conjunctival (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 19) melanomas. Sun exposure is an independent risk factor for choroidal and ciliary body melanoma in Australia. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1002/ijc.10579",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        9,
        5
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2002-09-05T20:17:48Z",
    "timestamp": 1031257068000
  },
  "page": "175-182",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 111,
  "title": "Sun exposure predicts risk of ocular melanoma in Australia",
  "prefix": "10.1002",
  "volume": "101",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Claire M.",
      "family": "Vajdic",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Anne",
      "family": "Kricker",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Michael",
      "family": "Giblin",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "John",
      "family": "McKenzie",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Joanne",
      "family": "Aitken",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Graham G.",
      "family": "Giles",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Bruce K.",
      "family": "Armstrong",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "311",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        8,
        19
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_2_2",
      "first-page": "775",
      "article-title": "Risk factors for ocular melanoma: Western Canada Melanoma Study",
      "volume": "74",
      "author": "Gallagher RP",
      "year": "1985",
      "journal-title": "J Natl Cancer Inst"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_3_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1056/NEJM198509263131305"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_4_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1001/archopht.1990.01070110090031"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_5_2",
      "first-page": "5773",
      "article-title": "Uveal melanoma in relation to ultraviolet light exposure and host factors",
      "volume": "50",
      "author": "Holly EA",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Cancer Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_6_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1097-0142(19921215)70:12<2891::AID-CNCR2820701228>3.0.CO;2-1"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_7_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/1523-1747.ep12392754"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_8_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00001648-199601000-00010"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_9_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1076/0928-6586(200009)731-VFT159"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_10_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1023/A:1011271420974"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_11_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/ijc.1281"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_12_2",
      "first-page": "776",
      "article-title": "Transmission of the ocular media",
      "volume": "1",
      "author": "Boettner EA",
      "year": "1962",
      "journal-title": "Invest Ophthalmol"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_13_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.3109/02713688408997182"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_14_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00004032-199107000-00008"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_15_2",
      "first-page": "353",
      "article-title": "Ocular exposure to UV\u2010B in sunlight: the Melbourne visual impairment project model",
      "volume": "74",
      "author": "McCarty CA",
      "year": "1996",
      "journal-title": "Bull World Health Organ"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_16_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03210.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_17_2",
      "volume-title": "Health, solar UV radiation and environmental change",
      "author": "Kricker A",
      "year": "1993"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_18_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/ijc.2910600410"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_19_2",
      "volume-title": "Laboratory and radiation sub\u2010section solar exposure data 1947\u20131998, version NCCSOL 2.204 (8 February 1999)",
      "author": "Bureau of Meteorology",
      "year": "1999"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_20_2",
      "unstructured": "International Research Institute for Climate Prediction. International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project: solar radiation and cloudiness.http://ingrid.ldgo.columbia.edu/SOURCES/.ISCCP/.MONTHLY/.solr/?help+dataselection 1999."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_21_2",
      "unstructured": "National Centre for Atmospheric Research Atmospheric Chemistry Division. Tropospheric Ultraviolet and Visible Radiation Model version 4.1.www.acd.ucar.edu/TUV 2002."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_22_2",
      "first-page": "113",
      "article-title": "A consideration of ambient solar ultraviolet radiation in the interpretation of studies of the aetiology of melanoma",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "Elwood JM",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Melanoma Res"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_23_2",
      "volume-title": "Rural, remote and metropolitan areas classification",
      "author": "Department of Human Services and Health",
      "year": "1994"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_24_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.2105/AJPH.76.10.1216"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_25_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.2105/AJPH.78.1.72"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_26_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00006324-199006000-00007"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_27_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00006324-199401000-00001"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_28_2",
      "first-page": "1003",
      "article-title": "Visible and ultraviolet\u2010B ocular\u2010ambient exposure ratios for a general population. Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project Team",
      "volume": "38",
      "author": "Duncan DD",
      "year": "1997",
      "journal-title": "Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_29_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1364/AO.39.003592"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_30_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1751-1097.1995.tb08723.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_31_2",
      "first-page": "781",
      "article-title": "Physical factors in cataractogenesis: ambient ultraviolet radiation and temperature",
      "volume": "27",
      "author": "Sliney DH",
      "year": "1986",
      "journal-title": "Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_32_2",
      "volume-title": "How Australians use their time",
      "author": "Australian Bureau of Statistics",
      "year": "1998"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_33_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/ajim.4700130413"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_34_2",
      "volume-title": "Occupational mortality in Washington State 1950\u20131979",
      "author": "Milham SJ",
      "year": "1983"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_35_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0959-8049(94)90421-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_36_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/ajim.4700110202"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_37_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00001648-200109000-00015"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_38_2",
      "volume-title": "Risk factors for cancer in the workplace",
      "author": "Siemiatycki J",
      "year": "1991"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_39_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1097/00043764-199503000-00002"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_40_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/s004170100271"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_41_2",
      "first-page": "143",
      "article-title": "Cancer of the eye, a review of trends and differentials",
      "volume": "31",
      "author": "Hakulinen T",
      "year": "1978",
      "journal-title": "World Health Stat Q"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_42_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/jnci/56.3.489"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_43_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113636"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_44_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1755-3768.1985.tb01577.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_45_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/1011-1344(95)07171-5"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_46_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1364/JOSAA.7.000170"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_47_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1006/exer.1999.0687"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_48_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/ijc.2910400206"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_49_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1751-1097.1985.tb01555.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_50_2",
      "first-page": "649",
      "article-title": "The ocular dose of ultraviolet radiation to outdoor workers",
      "volume": "29",
      "author": "Rosenthal FS",
      "year": "1988",
      "journal-title": "Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "International Journal of Cancer",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fijc.10579",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ijc.10579",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        10,
        16
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-10-16T22:45:24Z",
    "timestamp": 1697496324000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.10579"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        8,
        19
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 49,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "2",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2002,
          9,
          10
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1002/ijc.10579"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.10579",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0020-7136",
    "1097-0215"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Intl Journal of Cancer",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        8,
        19
      ]
    ]
  }
}