DOI: 10.1002/bit.10287. Low‐temperature electron microscopy for the study of polysaccharide ultrastructures in hydrogels. II. Effect of temperature on the structure of Ca<sup>2+</sup>‐alginate beads

Low‐temperature electron microscopy for the study of polysaccharide ultrastructures in hydrogels. II. Effect of temperature on the structure of Ca2+‐alginate beads

10.1002/bit.10287

Crossref journal-article

Wiley

Biotechnology and Bioengineering (311)

Abstract

AbstractCalcium alginate beads were thermally treated at temperatures ranging from 25°C to 130°C for periods of up to 30 minutes. Important modifications to the structure of the alginate beads were shown to be a function of the temperature and period of incubation at each temperature. Modifications to the alginate beads included reduction in size, mechanical resistance, and molecular weight cut‐off with increasing temperature and incubation period. Thus, heating 700 μm calcium alginate beads for 20 min at 130°C resulted in a 23% reduction in diameter, 70% increase in mechanical resistance, and 67% reduction in molecular weight cut‐off.Incubation of calcium alginate beads containing 2 × 106 kDa blue dextran for 20 min at 130°C resulted in no detectable loss of either dye or alginate. This indicates the shrinkage of the beads was due to re‐arrangement of the alginate chains within the beads, coupled with loss of water. This hypothesis was verified by direct visual observation of calcium alginate beads before and after thermal treatment using cryo‐scanning electron microscopy (cryo‐SEM). Unlike other microscopy methods cryo‐SEM offers the advantage of extremely rapid freezing which preserves the original structure of the alginate network. As a result cryo‐SEM is a powerful tool for studies of hydrogel and capsule structure and formation.Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the water entrapped in 2% alginate beads was present in a single state, irrespective of the thermal treatment. This result is attributed to the low alginate concentration used to form the beads. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 253–259, 2002.

Bibliography

Serp, D., Mueller, M., von Stockar, U., & Marison, I. W. (2002). Lowâtemperature electron microscopy for the study of polysaccharide ultrastructures in hydrogels. II. Effect of temperature on the structure of Ca2+âalginate beads. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 79(3), 253â259. Portico.

Authors 4

D. Serp (first)
M. Mueller (additional)
U. von Stockar (additional)
I. W. Marison (additional)

References 25 Referenced 56

10.1002/pi.1994.210330306
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_3_1', 'first-page': '2486', 'article-title': 'Alginate‐ologochitosan microcapsules: II', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Bartkowiak A', 'year': '1999', 'journal-title': 'Control of mechanical and permeability of the membrane. Chemist Mat'} / Control of mechanical and permeability of the membrane. Chemist Mat / Alginate‐ologochitosan microcapsules: II by Bartkowiak A (1999)
10.1007/978-3-662-07281-3 / Food chemistry by Belitz H‐D (1999)
10.1002/jemt.1060130305
10.1016/0144-8617(90)90028-Q
10.1111/j.1472-765X.1993.tb00387.x
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_8_1', 'first-page': '653', 'article-title': 'Prerequisites of high resolution scanning electron microscopy', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Hermann R', 'year': '1991', 'journal-title': 'Scanning Microsc'} / Scanning Microsc / Prerequisites of high resolution scanning electron microscopy by Hermann R (1991)
10.1016/0032-3861(94)90101-5
10.1002/app.1994.070510810
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_11_1', 'first-page': '89', 'volume-title': 'Rapid freezing, freeze fracture, and deep etching', 'author': 'Kiss JZ', 'year': '1995'} / Rapid freezing, freeze fracture, and deep etching by Kiss JZ (1995)
10.1016/0021-9797(75)90107-1
10.1021/bp00001a008
LundinJ‐O HedströmM RönnerU.1989. A gel body and method for biological sterilization control. Suede. Patent No. WO 89/07458. 8.
10.1002/bip.360360104
10.1007/978-3-642-72815-0_8
10.1016/0378-5173(93)90221-Z
10.1016/0008-6215(93)84022-X
10.1111/j.1365-2621.1988.tb09316.x
10.1002/1097-0290(20001005)70:1<41::AID-BIT6>3.0.CO;2-U
10.1002/bit.10286
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_22_1', 'first-page': '93', 'volume-title': 'Optimising tissue preparation high pessure freezing: From heat transfer analysis to a new microbiopsy device', 'author': 'Shimoni E', 'year': '1998'} / Optimising tissue preparation high pessure freezing: From heat transfer analysis to a new microbiopsy device by Shimoni E (1998)
10.1016/0144-8617(89)90030-1
10.1021/ma00189a013
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_25_1', 'first-page': '253', 'article-title': 'High pressure freezing comes of age', 'volume': '3', 'author': 'Studer D', 'year': '1989', 'journal-title': 'Scanning Microsc'} / Scanning Microsc / High pressure freezing comes of age by Studer D (1989)
10.1111/j.2042-7158.1993.tb05582.x

Dates

Type	When
Created	22 years, 10 months ago (Oct. 6, 2002, 8:29 a.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 10 months ago (Oct. 8, 2023, 1:50 a.m.)
Indexed	3 months, 3 weeks ago (April 28, 2025, 5:03 a.m.)
Issued	23 years, 2 months ago (June 6, 2002)
Published	23 years, 2 months ago (June 6, 2002)
Published Online	23 years, 2 months ago (June 6, 2002)
Published Print	23 years ago (Aug. 5, 2002)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Serp_2002, title={Low‐temperature electron microscopy for the study of polysaccharide ultrastructures in hydrogels. II. Effect of temperature on the structure of Ca2+‐alginate beads}, volume={79}, ISSN={1097-0290}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.10287}, DOI={10.1002/bit.10287}, number={3}, journal={Biotechnology and Bioengineering}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Serp, D. and Mueller, M. and von Stockar, U. and Marison, I. W.}, year={2002}, month=jun, pages={253–259} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        4,
        28
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-04-28T09:03:24Z",
    "timestamp": 1745831004624
  },
  "reference-count": 25,
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "issue": "3",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2002,
            6,
            6
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2002-06-06T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1023321600000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        8,
        5
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Calcium alginate beads were thermally treated at temperatures ranging from 25\u00b0C to 130\u00b0C for periods of up to 30 minutes. Important modifications to the structure of the alginate beads were shown to be a function of the temperature and period of incubation at each temperature. Modifications to the alginate beads included reduction in size, mechanical resistance, and molecular weight cut\u2010off with increasing temperature and incubation period. Thus, heating 700 \u03bcm calcium alginate beads for 20 min at 130\u00b0C resulted in a 23% reduction in diameter, 70% increase in mechanical resistance, and 67% reduction in molecular weight cut\u2010off.</jats:p><jats:p>Incubation of calcium alginate beads containing 2 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>6</jats:sup> kDa blue dextran for 20 min at 130\u00b0C resulted in no detectable loss of either dye or alginate. This indicates the shrinkage of the beads was due to re\u2010arrangement of the alginate chains within the beads, coupled with loss of water. This hypothesis was verified by direct visual observation of calcium alginate beads before and after thermal treatment using cryo\u2010scanning electron microscopy (cryo\u2010SEM). Unlike other microscopy methods cryo\u2010SEM offers the advantage of extremely rapid freezing which preserves the original structure of the alginate network. As a result cryo\u2010SEM is a powerful tool for studies of hydrogel and capsule structure and formation.</jats:p><jats:p>Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the water entrapped in 2% alginate beads was present in a single state, irrespective of the thermal treatment. This result is attributed to the low alginate concentration used to form the beads. \u00a9 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 253\u2013259, 2002.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1002/bit.10287",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        10,
        6
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2002-10-06T12:29:56Z",
    "timestamp": 1033907396000
  },
  "page": "253-259",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 56,
  "title": "Low\u2010temperature electron microscopy for the study of polysaccharide ultrastructures in hydrogels. II. Effect of temperature on the structure of Ca<sup>2+</sup>\u2010alginate beads",
  "prefix": "10.1002",
  "volume": "79",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "D.",
      "family": "Serp",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "M.",
      "family": "Mueller",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "U.",
      "family": "von Stockar",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "I. W.",
      "family": "Marison",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "311",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        6,
        6
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_2_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/pi.1994.210330306"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_3_1",
      "first-page": "2486",
      "article-title": "Alginate\u2010ologochitosan microcapsules: II",
      "volume": "11",
      "author": "Bartkowiak A",
      "year": "1999",
      "journal-title": "Control of mechanical and permeability of the membrane. Chemist Mat"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_4_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "992",
      "DOI": "10.1007/978-3-662-07281-3",
      "volume-title": "Food chemistry",
      "author": "Belitz H\u2010D",
      "year": "1999"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_5_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/jemt.1060130305"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_6_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0144-8617(90)90028-Q"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_7_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1472-765X.1993.tb00387.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_8_1",
      "first-page": "653",
      "article-title": "Prerequisites of high resolution scanning electron microscopy",
      "volume": "5",
      "author": "Hermann R",
      "year": "1991",
      "journal-title": "Scanning Microsc"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_9_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0032-3861(94)90101-5"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_10_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/app.1994.070510810"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_11_1",
      "first-page": "89",
      "volume-title": "Rapid freezing, freeze fracture, and deep etching",
      "author": "Kiss JZ",
      "year": "1995"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_12_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0021-9797(75)90107-1"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_13_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/bp00001a008"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_14_1",
      "unstructured": "LundinJ\u2010O Hedstr\u00f6mM R\u00f6nnerU.1989. A gel body and method for biological sterilization control. Suede. Patent No. WO 89/07458. 8."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_15_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/bip.360360104"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_16_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/978-3-642-72815-0_8"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_17_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0378-5173(93)90221-Z"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_18_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0008-6215(93)84022-X"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_19_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1365-2621.1988.tb09316.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_20_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1097-0290(20001005)70:1<41::AID-BIT6>3.0.CO;2-U"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_21_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/bit.10286"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_22_1",
      "first-page": "93",
      "volume-title": "Optimising tissue preparation high pessure freezing: From heat transfer analysis to a new microbiopsy device",
      "author": "Shimoni E",
      "year": "1998"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_23_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0144-8617(89)90030-1"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_24_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ma00189a013"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_25_1",
      "first-page": "253",
      "article-title": "High pressure freezing comes of age",
      "volume": "3",
      "author": "Studer D",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Scanning Microsc"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_26_1",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.2042-7158.1993.tb05582.x"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Biotechnology and Bioengineering",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fbit.10287",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bit.10287",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        10,
        8
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-10-08T05:50:16Z",
    "timestamp": 1696744216000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bit.10287"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        6,
        6
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 25,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "3",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2002,
          8,
          5
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1002/bit.10287"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.10287",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0006-3592",
    "1097-0290"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Biotech &amp; Bioengineering",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2002,
        6,
        6
      ]
    ]
  }
}