DOI: 10.1002/bies.950190506. Ret in human development and oncogenesis

Ret in human development and oncogenesis

10.1002/bies.950190506

Crossref journal-article

Wiley

BioEssays (311)

Abstract

AbstractHirschsprung disease and the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes are hereditary disorders related to the abnormal migration, proliferation or survival of neural crest cells and their derivatives. Hirschsprung disease is a frequent disorder of the enteric nervous system, resulting in intestinal obstruction. The multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes predispose to cancers of neural crest derivatives. Both diseases are associated with heterozygous mutations in the RET proto‐oncogene. RET encodes a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in neural crest lineages and whose ligand, glial‐cell‐line‐derived neurotrophic factor, has been very recently identified. In vitro expression studies demonstrate that while Hirschsprung disease mutations result in loss of function of the mutant RET tyrosine kinase, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 mutations lead to its constitutive activation. Thus, the two ‘faces’ of RET, gain of function and loss of function, each lead to a different syndrome, respectively: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, a cancer syndrome, or Hirschsprung disease, a developmental defect.

Bibliography

Edery, P., Munnich, A., Lyonnet, S., & Eng, C. (1997). Ret in human development and oncogenesis. BioEssays, 19(5), 389â395. Portico.

Authors 4

Patrick Edery (first)
Arnold Munnich (additional)
Stanislas Lyonnet (additional)
Charis Eng (additional)

References 77 Referenced 56

10.1016/S0046-8177(74)80021-3
10.1002/ajmg.1320370317
10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91191-9
10.1038/328527a0
10.1038/328528a0
10.1093/hmg/2.3.247
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_8_2', 'first-page': '1', 'article-title': 'Stuhlträgheit neugeborener infolge von dilatation und hypertrophic des colons', 'volume': '27', 'author': 'Hirschsprung H.', 'year': '1888', 'journal-title': 'Jahrb. Kinderheilkunde'} / Jahrb. Kinderheilkunde / Stuhlträgheit neugeborener infolge von dilatation und hypertrophic des colons by Hirschsprung H. (1888)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_9_2', 'first-page': '80', 'article-title': "Embryogenesis of intramural ganglia of the gut and its relation to Hirschsprung's disease", 'volume': '1', 'author': 'Okamoto E.', 'year': '1967', 'journal-title': 'Pediatr. Surg. Int.'} / Pediatr. Surg. Int. / Embryogenesis of intramural ganglia of the gut and its relation to Hirschsprung's disease by Okamoto E. (1967)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_10_2', 'first-page': '568', 'article-title': 'A genetic study of Hirschsprung disease', 'volume': '46', 'author': 'Badner J.', 'year': '1990', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Hum. Genet.'} / Am. J. Hum. Genet. / A genetic study of Hirschsprung disease by Badner J. (1990)
10.1007/BF00183991
10.1038/ng0893-346
10.1038/ng0893-351
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_14_2', 'first-page': 'A 996', 'article-title': 'Hirschsprung disease: mapping of a dominant gene closely linked to the RET locus on the proximal long arm of chromosome 10', 'volume': '53', 'author': 'Edery P.', 'year': '1993', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Hum. Genet.'} / Am. J. Hum. Genet. / Hirschsprung disease: mapping of a dominant gene closely linked to the RET locus on the proximal long arm of chromosome 10 by Edery P. (1993)
10.1093/hmg/2.11.1803
10.1016/0092-8674(85)90115-1
10.1016/0092-8674(90)90659-3
10.1128/MCB.13.1.358
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_19_2', 'first-page': '509', 'article-title': 'Molecular characterization of RET/PTC3; a novel rearranged version of the RET proto‐oncogene in a human thyroid papillary carcinoma', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Santoro M.', 'year': '1994', 'journal-title': 'Oncogene'} / Oncogene / Molecular characterization of RET/PTC3; a novel rearranged version of the RET proto‐oncogene in a human thyroid papillary carcinoma by Santoro M. (1994)
10.1128/MCB.7.4.1378
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_21_2', 'first-page': '805', 'article-title': 'Isolation of ret proto‐oncogene cDNA with an amino‐terminal signal', 'volume': '4', 'author': 'Takahashi M.', 'year': '1989', 'journal-title': 'Oncogene'} / Oncogene / Isolation of ret proto‐oncogene cDNA with an amino‐terminal signal by Takahashi M. (1989)
10.1126/science.2006419
10.1016/0968-0004(92)90490-Z
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_24_2', 'first-page': '1087', 'article-title': 'cDNA cloning of mouse ret proto‐oncogene and its sequence similarity to the cadherin superfamily', 'volume': '8', 'author': 'Iwamoto T.', 'year': '1993', 'journal-title': 'Oncogene'} / Oncogene / cDNA cloning of mouse ret proto‐oncogene and its sequence similarity to the cadherin superfamily by Iwamoto T. (1993)
10.1038/381785a0
10.1038/381789a0
10.1038/382080a0
10.1128/MCB.14.1.663
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_29_2', 'first-page': '2923', 'article-title': 'The high transforming potency of erbB2 and ret is associated with phosphorylation of paxillin and a 23 kDa protein', 'volume': '9', 'author': 'Romano A.', 'year': '1994', 'journal-title': 'Oncogene'} / Oncogene / The high transforming potency of erbB2 and ret is associated with phosphorylation of paxillin and a 23 kDa protein by Romano A. (1994)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_30_2', 'first-page': '1737', 'article-title': 'The physical map of the human RET proto‐oncogene', 'volume': '119', 'author': 'Pasini B.', 'year': '1995', 'journal-title': 'Oncogene'} / Oncogene / The physical map of the human RET proto‐oncogene by Pasini B. (1995)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_31_2', 'first-page': '97', 'article-title': 'Characterization of RET proto‐oncogene 3′ splicing variants and polyadenylation sites: a novel C‐terminal for RET', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Myers S. M.', 'year': '1995', 'journal-title': 'Oncogene'} / Oncogene / Characterization of RET proto‐oncogene 3′ splicing variants and polyadenylation sites: a novel C‐terminal for RET by Myers S. M. (1995)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_32_2', 'first-page': '1377', 'article-title': 'Multiple mRNA isoforms of the human RET proto‐oncogene generated by alternate splicing', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'Lorenzo M. J.', 'year': '1995', 'journal-title': 'Oncogene'} / Oncogene / Multiple mRNA isoforms of the human RET proto‐oncogene generated by alternate splicing by Lorenzo M. J. (1995)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_33_2', 'first-page': '1201', 'article-title': 'Identification and analysis of the ret proto‐oncogene promoter region in neuroblastoma cell lines and medullary thyroid carcinomas from MEN 2A patients', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'Itoh F.', 'year': '1992', 'journal-title': 'Oncogene'} / Oncogene / Identification and analysis of the ret proto‐oncogene promoter region in neuroblastoma cell lines and medullary thyroid carcinomas from MEN 2A patients by Itoh F. (1992)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_34_2', 'first-page': '97', 'article-title': 'The ret proto‐oncogene is consistently expressed in human pheochromocytomas and thyroid medullary carcinomas', 'volume': '5', 'author': 'Santoro M.', 'year': '1990', 'journal-title': 'Oncogene'} / Oncogene / The ret proto‐oncogene is consistently expressed in human pheochromocytomas and thyroid medullary carcinomas by Santoro M. (1990)
10.1002/path.1711720305
10.1242/dev.119.4.1005
10.1038/367380a0
10.1038/363458a0
10.1093/hmg/2.7.851
10.1111/j.1365-2796.1995.tb01208.x
10.1038/367375a0
10.1073/pnas.91.4.1579
10.1002/1097-0142(19950801)76:3<479::AID-CNCR2820760319>3.0.CO;2-M
10.1038/ng0194-70
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_45_2', 'first-page': '509', 'article-title': 'A novel point mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain of the RET proto‐oncogene in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma and in a family with FMTC', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'Eng C.', 'year': '1995', 'journal-title': 'Oncogene'} / Oncogene / A novel point mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain of the RET proto‐oncogene in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma and in a family with FMTC by Eng C. (1995)
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_46_2', 'first-page': '2415', 'article-title': 'RET mutations in exon 13 and 14 of FMTC patients', 'volume': '10', 'author': 'Bolino A.', 'year': '1995', 'journal-title': 'Oncogene'} / Oncogene / RET mutations in exon 13 and 14 of FMTC patients by Bolino A. (1995)
10.1126/science.3291115
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_48_2', 'first-page': '1076', 'article-title': 'Parent‐of‐origin effects in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B', 'volume': '55', 'author': 'Carlson K. M.', 'year': '1994', 'journal-title': 'Am. J. Hum. Genet.'} / Am. J. Hum. Genet. / Parent‐of‐origin effects in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B by Carlson K. M. (1994)
10.1093/hmg/4.10.1987
10.1038/367377a0
10.1038/367378a0
10.1159/000472371 / Eur. J. Hum. Genet. / Heterogeneity and low detection rate of RET mutations in Hirschsprung disease by Luo Y. (1994)
10.1093/hmg/4.12.2407
10.1093/hmg/4.5.821
10.1136/jmg.31.4.325
10.1016/0092-8674(94)90018-3
10.1016/0092-8674(94)90017-5
10.1016/0092-8674(94)90016-7
10.1093/hmg/4.12.2407
10.1093/hmg/5.3.355
10.1093/hmg/5.3.347
10.1038/ng0496-442
10.1038/ng0496-445
10.1038/382070a0
10.1038/382073a0
10.1038/382076a0
10.1038/ng1196-341
10.1038/ng1196-345
10.1093/hmg/3.12.2163
10.1136/jmg.32.12.934
10.1210/jc.80.2.627
10.1002/gcc.2870060307
10.1126/science.7824936
10.1128/MCB.15.3.1613
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_75_2', 'first-page': '2419', 'article-title': 'RET activation by germline MEN 2A and MEN 2B mutations', 'volume': '11', 'author': 'Borrello M. G.', 'year': '1995', 'journal-title': 'Oncogene'} / Oncogene / RET activation by germline MEN 2A and MEN 2B mutations by Borrello M. G. (1995)
10.1038/373536a0
10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00632.x
10.1038/ng0595-35

Dates

Type	When
Created	20 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 25, 2005, 5:43 a.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 10 months ago (Oct. 27, 2023, 9:58 p.m.)
Indexed	2 months ago (June 26, 2025, 2:24 p.m.)
Issued	28 years, 3 months ago (May 1, 1997)
Published	28 years, 3 months ago (May 1, 1997)
Published Online	20 years, 6 months ago (Feb. 5, 2005)
Published Print	28 years, 3 months ago (May 1, 1997)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Edery_1997, title={Ret in human development and oncogenesis}, volume={19}, ISSN={1521-1878}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.950190506}, DOI={10.1002/bies.950190506}, number={5}, journal={BioEssays}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Edery, Patrick and Munnich, Arnold and Lyonnet, Stanislas and Eng, Charis}, year={1997}, month=may, pages={389–395} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        6,
        26
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-06-26T18:24:52Z",
    "timestamp": 1750962292311
  },
  "reference-count": 77,
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "issue": "5",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2005,
            2,
            5
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2005-02-05T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1107561600000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 2837,
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [
      "onlinelibrary.wiley.com"
    ],
    "crossmark-restriction": true
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        5
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Hirschsprung disease and the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes are hereditary disorders related to the abnormal migration, proliferation or survival of neural crest cells and their derivatives. Hirschsprung disease is a frequent disorder of the enteric nervous system, resulting in intestinal obstruction. The multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes predispose to cancers of neural crest derivatives. Both diseases are associated with heterozygous mutations in the <jats:italic>RET</jats:italic> proto\u2010oncogene. <jats:italic>RET</jats:italic> encodes a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in neural crest lineages and whose ligand, glial\u2010cell\u2010line\u2010derived neurotrophic factor, has been very recently identified. <jats:italic>In vitro</jats:italic> expression studies demonstrate that while Hirschsprung disease mutations result in loss of function of the mutant RET tyrosine kinase, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 mutations lead to its constitutive activation. Thus, the two \u2018faces\u2019 of RET, gain of function and loss of function, each lead to a different syndrome, respectively: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, a cancer syndrome, or Hirschsprung disease, a developmental defect.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1002/bies.950190506",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        2,
        25
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2005-02-25T10:43:22Z",
    "timestamp": 1109328202000
  },
  "page": "389-395",
  "update-policy": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crossmark_policy",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 56,
  "title": "Ret in human development and oncogenesis",
  "prefix": "10.1002",
  "volume": "19",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Patrick",
      "family": "Edery",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Arnold",
      "family": "Munnich",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Stanislas",
      "family": "Lyonnet",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Charis",
      "family": "Eng",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "311",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2005,
        2,
        5
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_2_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0046-8177(74)80021-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_3_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/ajmg.1320370317"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_4_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91191-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_5_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/328527a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_6_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/328528a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_7_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/hmg/2.3.247"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_8_2",
      "first-page": "1",
      "article-title": "Stuhltr\u00e4gheit neugeborener infolge von dilatation und hypertrophic des colons",
      "volume": "27",
      "author": "Hirschsprung H.",
      "year": "1888",
      "journal-title": "Jahrb. Kinderheilkunde"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_9_2",
      "first-page": "80",
      "article-title": "Embryogenesis of intramural ganglia of the gut and its relation to Hirschsprung's disease",
      "volume": "1",
      "author": "Okamoto E.",
      "year": "1967",
      "journal-title": "Pediatr. Surg. Int."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_10_2",
      "first-page": "568",
      "article-title": "A genetic study of Hirschsprung disease",
      "volume": "46",
      "author": "Badner J.",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Am. J. Hum. Genet."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_11_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1007/BF00183991"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_12_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/ng0893-346"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_13_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/ng0893-351"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_14_2",
      "first-page": "A 996",
      "article-title": "Hirschsprung disease: mapping of a dominant gene closely linked to the RET locus on the proximal long arm of chromosome 10",
      "volume": "53",
      "author": "Edery P.",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Am. J. Hum. Genet."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_15_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/hmg/2.11.1803"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_16_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(85)90115-1"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_17_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(90)90659-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_18_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/MCB.13.1.358"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_19_2",
      "first-page": "509",
      "article-title": "Molecular characterization of RET/PTC3; a novel rearranged version of the RET proto\u2010oncogene in a human thyroid papillary carcinoma",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "Santoro M.",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Oncogene"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_20_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/MCB.7.4.1378"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_21_2",
      "first-page": "805",
      "article-title": "Isolation of ret proto\u2010oncogene cDNA with an amino\u2010terminal signal",
      "volume": "4",
      "author": "Takahashi M.",
      "year": "1989",
      "journal-title": "Oncogene"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_22_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.2006419"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_23_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0968-0004(92)90490-Z"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_24_2",
      "first-page": "1087",
      "article-title": "cDNA cloning of mouse ret proto\u2010oncogene and its sequence similarity to the cadherin superfamily",
      "volume": "8",
      "author": "Iwamoto T.",
      "year": "1993",
      "journal-title": "Oncogene"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_25_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/381785a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_26_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/381789a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_27_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/382080a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_28_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/MCB.14.1.663"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_29_2",
      "first-page": "2923",
      "article-title": "The high transforming potency of erbB2 and ret is associated with phosphorylation of paxillin and a 23 kDa protein",
      "volume": "9",
      "author": "Romano A.",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Oncogene"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_30_2",
      "first-page": "1737",
      "article-title": "The physical map of the human RET proto\u2010oncogene",
      "volume": "119",
      "author": "Pasini B.",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Oncogene"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_31_2",
      "first-page": "97",
      "article-title": "Characterization of RET proto\u2010oncogene 3\u2032 splicing variants and polyadenylation sites: a novel C\u2010terminal for RET",
      "volume": "5",
      "author": "Myers S. M.",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Oncogene"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_32_2",
      "first-page": "1377",
      "article-title": "Multiple mRNA isoforms of the human RET proto\u2010oncogene generated by alternate splicing",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "Lorenzo M. J.",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Oncogene"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_33_2",
      "first-page": "1201",
      "article-title": "Identification and analysis of the ret proto\u2010oncogene promoter region in neuroblastoma cell lines and medullary thyroid carcinomas from MEN 2A patients",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "Itoh F.",
      "year": "1992",
      "journal-title": "Oncogene"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_34_2",
      "first-page": "97",
      "article-title": "The ret proto\u2010oncogene is consistently expressed in human pheochromocytomas and thyroid medullary carcinomas",
      "volume": "5",
      "author": "Santoro M.",
      "year": "1990",
      "journal-title": "Oncogene"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_35_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/path.1711720305"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_36_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1242/dev.119.4.1005"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_37_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/367380a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_38_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/363458a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_39_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/hmg/2.7.851"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_40_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1111/j.1365-2796.1995.tb01208.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_41_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/367375a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_42_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.91.4.1579"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_43_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1097-0142(19950801)76:3<479::AID-CNCR2820760319>3.0.CO;2-M"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_44_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/ng0194-70"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_45_2",
      "first-page": "509",
      "article-title": "A novel point mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain of the RET proto\u2010oncogene in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma and in a family with FMTC",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "Eng C.",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Oncogene"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_46_2",
      "first-page": "2415",
      "article-title": "RET mutations in exon 13 and 14 of FMTC patients",
      "volume": "10",
      "author": "Bolino A.",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Oncogene"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_47_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.3291115"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_48_2",
      "first-page": "1076",
      "article-title": "Parent\u2010of\u2010origin effects in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B",
      "volume": "55",
      "author": "Carlson K. M.",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Am. J. Hum. Genet."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_49_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/hmg/4.10.1987"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_50_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/367377a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_51_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/367378a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_52_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "crossref",
      "first-page": "272",
      "DOI": "10.1159/000472371",
      "article-title": "Heterogeneity and low detection rate of RET mutations in Hirschsprung disease",
      "volume": "2",
      "author": "Luo Y.",
      "year": "1994",
      "journal-title": "Eur. J. Hum. Genet."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_53_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/hmg/4.12.2407"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_54_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/hmg/4.5.821"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_55_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1136/jmg.31.4.325"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_56_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(94)90018-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_57_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(94)90017-5"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_58_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0092-8674(94)90016-7"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_59_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/hmg/4.12.2407"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_60_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/hmg/5.3.355"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_61_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/hmg/5.3.347"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_62_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/ng0496-442"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_63_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/ng0496-445"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_64_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/382070a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_65_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/382073a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_66_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/382076a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_67_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/ng1196-341"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_68_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/ng1196-345"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_69_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1093/hmg/3.12.2163"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_70_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1136/jmg.32.12.934"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_71_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1210/jc.80.2.627"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_72_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/gcc.2870060307"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_73_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.7824936"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_74_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1128/MCB.15.3.1613"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_75_2",
      "first-page": "2419",
      "article-title": "RET activation by germline MEN 2A and MEN 2B mutations",
      "volume": "11",
      "author": "Borrello M. G.",
      "year": "1995",
      "journal-title": "Oncogene"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_76_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/373536a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_77_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00632.x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_78_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/ng0595-35"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "BioEssays",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fbies.950190506",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/bies.950190506",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        10,
        28
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-10-28T01:58:12Z",
    "timestamp": 1698458292000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.950190506"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        5
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 77,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "5",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          1997,
          5
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1002/bies.950190506"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.950190506",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0265-9247",
    "1521-1878"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "BioEssays",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        1997,
        5
      ]
    ]
  },
  "assertion": [
    {
      "value": "1997-01-24",
      "order": 1,
      "name": "accepted",
      "label": "Accepted",
      "group": {
        "name": "publication_history",
        "label": "Publication History"
      }
    },
    {
      "value": "2005-02-05",
      "order": 2,
      "name": "published",
      "label": "Published",
      "group": {
        "name": "publication_history",
        "label": "Publication History"
      }
    }
  ]
}