DOI: 10.1002/adma.201200011. Engineering the Electronic Structure of Graphene

Engineering the Electronic Structure of Graphene

10.1002/adma.201200011

Crossref journal-article

Wiley

Advanced Materials (311)

Abstract

AbstractGraphene exhibits many unique electronic properties owing to its linear dispersive electronic band structure around the Dirac point, making it one of the most studied materials in the last 5‐6 years. However, for many applications of graphene, further tuning its electronic band structure is necessary and has been extensively studied ever since graphene was first isolated experimentally. Here we review the major progresses made in electronic structure engineering of graphene, namely by electric and magnetic fields, chemical intercalation and adsorption, stacking geometry, edge‐chirality, defects, as well as strain.

Bibliography

Zhan, D., Yan, J., Lai, L., Ni, Z., Liu, L., & Shen, Z. (2012). Engineering the Electronic Structure of Graphene. Advanced Materials, 24(30), 4055â4069. Portico.

Authors 6

Da Zhan (first)
Jiaxu Yan (additional)
Linfei Lai (additional)
Zhenhua Ni (additional)
Lei Liu (additional)
Zexiang Shen (additional)

References 184 Referenced 169

10.1103/RevModPhys.81.109
10.1103/RevModPhys.82.2673
10.1038/nature04233
10.1038/nature04235
10.1126/science.1156965
10.1038/nphys384
10.1038/nphys1198
10.1038/nphys890
10.1126/science.1184289
10.1038/nature09405
10.1021/nn1021583
10.1109/LED.2011.2162576
10.1063/1.3676277
10.1016/j.ssc.2008.02.024
10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.096802
10.1038/nnano.2008.199
10.1038/nnano.2010.172
10.1038/nphys2049
10.1126/science.1208683
10.1063/1.3180707
10.1109/LED.2008.2011929
10.1088/0953-8984/22/39/395302
10.1063/1.3483130
10.1126/science.1157996
10.1038/nature07719
10.1021/nl0731872
10.1038/nmat2753
10.1038/nmat3064
10.1002/adma.201090156
10.1021/nl802558y
10.1002/anie.201004929
10.1021/nl072838r
10.1088/0022-3727/44/31/313001
10.1016/j.nantod.2010.12.001
10.1103/PhysRev.71.622
10.1038/nmat1849
10.1103/RevModPhys.83.837
10.1103/RevModPhys.83.851
10.1038/nmat1967
10.1038/nnano.2008.67
10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.086805
10.1126/science.1102896
10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.136806
10.1103/PhysRevB.28.2235
10.1038/nphys245
10.1126/science.1137201
10.1038/nature08582
10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.046801
10.1038/nphys2007
10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.216802
10.1103/PhysRevB.74.161403
10.1002/pssb.200776105
10.1038/nmat2082
10.1038/nature08105
10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.037403
10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.256405
10.1098/rspa.1969.0164
10.1016/0025-5416(79)90132-0
10.1038/nphys0010
10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.087003
10.1016/0008-6223(71)90021-2
10.1016/0038-1098(76)90420-8
10.1016/0038-1098(78)91015-3
10.1016/0038-1098(79)90158-3
10.1080/00018730110113644
10.1103/PhysRevB.18.7069
10.1021/nl902362q
10.1021/nn201368g
10.1021/jp1041537
10.1002/adfm.201000641
10.1021/ja110939a
10.1021/nl104228f
10.1021/jz201098u
10.1021/nn202463g
10.1016/0038-1098(78)90457-X
10.1080/09500839.2010.487473
10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.136803
10.1038/nphys477
10.1126/science.1186489
10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.125504
10.1103/PhysRevB.76.201402
10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.256802
10.1016/j.ssc.2007.04.023
10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.056803
10.1088/0953-8984/20/45/454224
10.1103/PhysRevB.80.125404
10.1103/PhysRevB.77.235403
10.1103/PhysRevB.79.237401
10.1103/PhysRevB.78.113407
10.1103/PhysRevB.79.237402
10.1021/nl902948m
10.1103/PhysRevB.81.165105
10.1038/nphys1463
10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.126802
10.1088/0953-8984/22/33/334205
10.1103/PhysRevB.82.241406
10.1021/nl201370m
10.1103/PhysRevB.81.245412
10.1038/474453a
10.1103/PhysRevB.84.035440
10.1073/pnas.1108174108
10.1103/PhysRevB.81.161405
10.1126/science.1166999
10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.216803
10.1103/PhysRevB.73.125415
10.1103/PhysRevB.75.064418
10.1103/PhysRevB.77.165427
10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.115502
10.1103/PhysRevB.80.073401
10.1063/1.3005599
10.1021/nl8032697
10.1103/PhysRevB.79.205428
10.1021/nn8003636
10.1038/nchem.644
10.1103/PhysRevB.54.17954
10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.206805
10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.206803
10.1038/nmat2378
10.1126/science.1166862
10.1073/pnas.0905193106
10.1126/science.1150878
10.1021/nn101920c
10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.015501
10.1038/srep00012
10.1021/nn102598m
10.1063/1.3615294
10.1109/TNANO.2010.2087391
{'key': 'e_1_2_11_128_2', 'first-page': '21', 'author': 'Xu M. S.', 'year': '2010', 'journal-title': 'Nanotechnology'} / Nanotechnology by Xu M. S. (2010)
10.1063/1.3062851
10.1063/1.3272961
10.1063/1.3647781
10.1016/j.carbon.2010.12.057
10.1038/nnano.2010.8
10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.096804
10.1021/nl802940s
10.1126/science.1167130
10.1063/1.3524217
10.1021/nl101399r
10.1002/smll.201001555
10.1021/nn1025274
{'key': 'e_1_2_11_141_2', 'first-page': '21', 'author': 'Nourbakhsh A.', 'year': '2010', 'journal-title': 'Nanotechnology'} / Nanotechnology by Nourbakhsh A. (2010)
10.1038/nature04969
10.1016/0009-2614(86)80661-3
10.1103/PhysRevB.72.184109
10.1021/nl802409q
{'key': 'e_1_2_11_146_2', 'first-page': '12', 'author': 'Appelhans D. J.', 'year': '2010', 'journal-title': 'New J. Phys.'} / New J. Phys. by Appelhans D. J. (2010)
10.1038/nmat2862
10.1038/nnano.2010.53
10.1038/nmat2830
10.1021/nl803331q
10.1021/nn1007868
10.1063/1.3276068
10.1103/PhysRevB.75.153401
10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.037002
10.1016/j.cplett.2008.06.042
10.1016/j.carbon.2010.12.002
10.1016/j.carbon.2007.02.034
10.1021/cm901554p
10.1016/j.carbon.2009.01.049
10.1016/j.carbon.2011.03.051
10.1021/ja076473o
10.1021/jp9731821
10.1021/cm060258
10.1021/nl8034256
10.1103/PhysRev.128.2614
10.1103/PhysRev.129.1029
10.1109/16.155881
{'key': 'e_1_2_11_168_2', 'volume': '61', 'author': 'Thompson S.', 'year': '2002', 'journal-title': 'International Electron Devices 2002 Meeting, Technical Digest'} / International Electron Devices 2002 Meeting, Technical Digest by Thompson S. (2002)
10.1109/TED.2004.836648
10.1103/PhysRevB.78.075435
10.1103/PhysRevB.80.167401
10.1103/PhysRevB.80.045401
10.1038/nphys1420
10.1103/PhysRevB.83.195436
10.1103/PhysRevB.84.041404
10.1103/PhysRevB.84.241401
{'key': 'e_1_2_11_177_2', 'first-page': '129', 'author': 'Sun L.', 'year': '2008', 'journal-title': 'J. Chem. Phys.'} / J. Chem. Phys. by Sun L. (2008)
10.1021/nn800459e
10.1021/jp806045u
10.1103/PhysRevB.79.205433
10.1126/science.1191700
10.1021/nl901625v
10.1021/nl101533x
10.1021/nl203359n

Dates

Type	When
Created	13 years, 1 month ago (July 3, 2012, 11:56 a.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 11 months ago (Sept. 12, 2023, 1:16 p.m.)
Indexed	1 week, 4 days ago (Aug. 20, 2025, 8:35 a.m.)
Issued	13 years, 1 month ago (July 3, 2012)
Published	13 years, 1 month ago (July 3, 2012)
Published Online	13 years, 1 month ago (July 3, 2012)
Published Print	13 years ago (Aug. 8, 2012)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Zhan_2012, title={Engineering the Electronic Structure of Graphene}, volume={24}, ISSN={1521-4095}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201200011}, DOI={10.1002/adma.201200011}, number={30}, journal={Advanced Materials}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Zhan, Da and Yan, Jiaxu and Lai, Linfei and Ni, Zhenhua and Liu, Lei and Shen, Zexiang}, year={2012}, month=jul, pages={4055–4069} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        20
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-20T12:35:44Z",
    "timestamp": 1755693344762
  },
  "reference-count": 184,
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "issue": "30",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2012,
            7,
            3
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2012-07-03T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1341273600000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2012,
        8,
        8
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Graphene exhibits many unique electronic properties owing to its linear dispersive electronic band structure around the Dirac point, making it one of the most studied materials in the last 5\u20106 years. However, for many applications of graphene, further tuning its electronic band structure is necessary and has been extensively studied ever since graphene was first isolated experimentally. Here we review the major progresses made in electronic structure engineering of graphene, namely by electric and magnetic fields, chemical intercalation and adsorption, stacking geometry, edge\u2010chirality, defects, as well as strain.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1002/adma.201200011",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2012,
        7,
        3
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2012-07-03T15:56:58Z",
    "timestamp": 1341331018000
  },
  "page": "4055-4069",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 169,
  "title": "Engineering the Electronic Structure of Graphene",
  "prefix": "10.1002",
  "volume": "24",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Da",
      "family": "Zhan",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Jiaxu",
      "family": "Yan",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Linfei",
      "family": "Lai",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Zhenhua",
      "family": "Ni",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Lei",
      "family": "Liu",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Zexiang",
      "family": "Shen",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "311",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2012,
        7,
        3
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_1_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/RevModPhys.81.109"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_2_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/RevModPhys.82.2673"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_3_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature04233"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_4_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature04235"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_5_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1156965"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_6_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys384"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_7_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys1198"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_8_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys890"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_9_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1184289"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_10_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature09405"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_11_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nn1021583"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_12_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1109/LED.2011.2162576"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_13_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3676277"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_14_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.ssc.2008.02.024"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_15_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.096802"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_16_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2008.199"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_17_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2010.172"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_18_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys2049"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_19_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1208683"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_20_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3180707"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_21_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1109/LED.2008.2011929"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_22_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0953-8984/22/39/395302"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_23_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3483130"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_24_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1157996"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_25_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature07719"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_26_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl0731872"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_27_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat2753"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_28_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat3064"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_29_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.201090156"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_30_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl802558y"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_31_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/anie.201004929"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_32_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl072838r"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_33_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0022-3727/44/31/313001"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_34_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.nantod.2010.12.001"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_35_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRev.71.622"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_36_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat1849"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_37_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/RevModPhys.83.837"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_38_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/RevModPhys.83.851"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_39_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat1967"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_40_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2008.67"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_41_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.086805"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_42_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1102896"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_43_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.136806"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_44_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.28.2235"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_45_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys245"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_46_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1137201"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_47_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature08582"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_48_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.046801"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_49_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys2007"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_50_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.216802"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_51_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.74.161403"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_52_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/pssb.200776105"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_53_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat2082"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_54_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature08105"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_55_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.037403"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_56_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.256405"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_57_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1098/rspa.1969.0164"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_58_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0025-5416(79)90132-0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_59_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys0010"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_60_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.087003"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_61_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0008-6223(71)90021-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_62_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0038-1098(76)90420-8"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_63_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0038-1098(78)91015-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_64_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0038-1098(79)90158-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_65_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1080/00018730110113644"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_66_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.18.7069"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_67_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl902362q"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_68_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nn201368g"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_69_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/jp1041537"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_70_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adfm.201000641"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_71_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ja110939a"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_72_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl104228f"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_73_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/jz201098u"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_74_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nn202463g"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_75_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0038-1098(78)90457-X"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_76_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1080/09500839.2010.487473"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_77_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.136803"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_78_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys477"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_79_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1186489"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_80_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.125504"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_81_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.76.201402"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_82_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.256802"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_83_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.ssc.2007.04.023"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_84_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.056803"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_85_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0953-8984/20/45/454224"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_86_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.80.125404"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_87_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.77.235403"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_88_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.79.237401"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_89_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.78.113407"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_90_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.79.237402"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_91_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl902948m"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_92_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.81.165105"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_93_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys1463"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_94_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.126802"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_95_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0953-8984/22/33/334205"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_96_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.82.241406"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_97_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl201370m"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_98_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.81.245412"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_99_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/474453a"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_100_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.84.035440"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_101_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.1108174108"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_102_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.81.161405"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_103_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1166999"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_104_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.216803"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_105_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.73.125415"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_106_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.75.064418"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_107_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.77.165427"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_108_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.115502"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_109_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.80.073401"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_110_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3005599"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_111_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl8032697"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_112_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.79.205428"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_113_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nn8003636"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_114_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nchem.644"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_115_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.54.17954"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_116_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.206805"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_117_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.206803"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_118_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat2378"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_119_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1166862"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_120_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.0905193106"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_121_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1150878"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_122_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nn101920c"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_123_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.015501"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_124_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/srep00012"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_125_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nn102598m"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_126_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3615294"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_127_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1109/TNANO.2010.2087391"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_128_2",
      "first-page": "21",
      "author": "Xu M. S.",
      "year": "2010",
      "journal-title": "Nanotechnology"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_129_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3062851"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_130_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3272961"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_131_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3647781"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_132_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.carbon.2010.12.057"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_133_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2010.8"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_134_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.096804"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_135_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl802940s"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_136_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1167130"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_137_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3524217"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_138_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl101399r"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_139_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/smll.201001555"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_140_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nn1025274"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_141_2",
      "first-page": "21",
      "author": "Nourbakhsh A.",
      "year": "2010",
      "journal-title": "Nanotechnology"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_142_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature04969"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_143_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/0009-2614(86)80661-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_144_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.72.184109"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_145_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl802409q"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_146_2",
      "first-page": "12",
      "author": "Appelhans D. J.",
      "year": "2010",
      "journal-title": "New J. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_147_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat2862"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_148_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nnano.2010.53"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_149_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nmat2830"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_150_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl803331q"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_151_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nn1007868"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_152_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3276068"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_153_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.75.153401"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_154_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.037002"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_155_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.cplett.2008.06.042"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_156_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.carbon.2010.12.002"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_157_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.carbon.2007.02.034"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_158_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cm901554p"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_159_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.carbon.2009.01.049"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_160_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.carbon.2011.03.051"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_161_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ja076473o"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_162_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/jp9731821"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_163_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cm060258"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_164_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl8034256"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_165_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRev.128.2614"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_166_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRev.129.1029"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_167_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1109/16.155881"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_168_2",
      "volume": "61",
      "author": "Thompson S.",
      "year": "2002",
      "journal-title": "International Electron Devices 2002 Meeting, Technical Digest"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_169_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1109/TED.2004.836648"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_170_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.78.075435"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_171_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.80.167401"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_172_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.80.045401"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_173_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphys1420"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_174_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.83.195436"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_175_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.84.041404"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_176_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.84.241401"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_177_2",
      "first-page": "129",
      "author": "Sun L.",
      "year": "2008",
      "journal-title": "J. Chem. Phys."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_178_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nn800459e"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_179_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/jp806045u"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_180_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.79.205433"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_181_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1126/science.1191700"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_182_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl901625v"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_183_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl101533x"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_11_184_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/nl203359n"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Advanced Materials",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fadma.201200011",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adma.201200011",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        9,
        12
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-09-12T17:16:28Z",
    "timestamp": 1694538988000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201200011"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2012,
        7,
        3
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 184,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "30",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2012,
          8,
          8
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1002/adma.201200011"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201200011",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "0935-9648",
    "1521-4095"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Advanced Materials",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2012,
        7,
        3
      ]
    ]
  }
}