DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201200185. Origin of Enhanced Hole Injection in Inverted Organic Devices with Electron Accepting Interlayer

Origin of Enhanced Hole Injection in Inverted Organic Devices with Electron Accepting Interlayer

10.1002/adfm.201200185

Crossref journal-article

Wiley

Advanced Functional Materials (311)

Abstract

AbstractConventional organic light emitting devices have a bottom buffer interlayer placed underneath the hole transporting layer (HTL) to improve hole injection from the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. In this work, a substantial enhancement in hole injection efficiency is demonstrated when an electron accepting interlayer is evaporated on top of the HTL in an inverted device along with a top hole injection anode compared with the conventional device with a bottom hole injection anode. Current–voltage and space‐charge‐limited dark injection (DI‐SCLC) measurements were used to characterize the conventional and inverted N,N′‐diphenyl‐N,N′‐bis(1‐naphthyl)(1,1′biphenyl)‐4,4′diamine (NPB) hole‐only devices with either molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) or 1,4,5,8,9,11‐hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile (HAT‐CN) as the interlayer. Both normal and inverted devices with HAT‐CN showed significantly higher injection efficiencies compared to similar devices with MoO3, with the inverted device with HAT‐CN as the interlayer showing a hole injection efficiency close to 100%. The results from doping NPB with MoO3 or HAT‐CN confirmed that the injection efficiency enhancements in the inverted devices were due to the enhanced charge transfer at the electron acceptor/NPB interface.

Bibliography

Small, C. E., Tsang, S., Kido, J., So, S. K., & So, F. (2012). Origin of Enhanced Hole Injection in Inverted Organic Devices with Electron Accepting Interlayer. Advanced Functional Materials, 22(15), 3261â3266. Portico.

Authors 5

Cephas E. Small (first)
Sai‐Wing Tsang (additional)
Junji Kido (additional)
Shu Kong So (additional)
Franky So (additional)

References 34 Referenced 74

10.1038/nature08003
10.1038/35006610
10.1063/1.117151
10.1016/S0379-6779(98)00976-X
10.1063/1.1480100
10.1002/adfm.200500443
10.1002/adfm.200801368
10.1088/0022-3727/29/11/004
10.1063/1.3454779
10.1063/1.3478007
10.1063/1.3081409
10.1002/1616-3028(200108)11:4<310::AID-ADFM310>3.0.CO;2-D
10.1016/S1566-1199(02)00033-2
10.1002/1521-4095(20021118)14:22<1633::AID-ADMA1633>3.0.CO;2-#
10.1063/1.2405856
10.1016/j.orgel.2009.05.007
10.1088/0268-1242/24/3/035009
10.1016/S0379-6779(01)00623-3
10.1063/1.1941482
10.1063/1.367030
10.1016/j.orgel.2009.10.003
10.1038/nphoton.2011.318
10.1002/adma.201000317
10.1063/1.113123
10.1063/1.2348640
10.1063/1.2972125
10.1088/0022-3727/3/2/308
{'key': 'e_1_2_7_27_2', 'volume-title': 'Current Injection in Solids', 'author': 'Lampert M. A.', 'year': '1970'} / Current Injection in Solids by Lampert M. A. (1970)
10.1016/j.orgel.2006.06.002
10.1063/1.1359161
10.1063/1.1777416
10.1063/1.2354319
10.1063/1.1504495
10.1117/12.813257

Dates

Type	When
Created	13 years, 4 months ago (April 24, 2012, 2:35 p.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 10 months ago (Oct. 10, 2023, 11:02 p.m.)
Indexed	3 weeks, 6 days ago (Aug. 6, 2025, 7:59 a.m.)
Issued	13 years, 4 months ago (April 24, 2012)
Published	13 years, 4 months ago (April 24, 2012)
Published Online	13 years, 4 months ago (April 24, 2012)
Published Print	13 years ago (Aug. 7, 2012)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Small_2012, title={Origin of Enhanced Hole Injection in Inverted Organic Devices with Electron Accepting Interlayer}, volume={22}, ISSN={1616-3028}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201200185}, DOI={10.1002/adfm.201200185}, number={15}, journal={Advanced Functional Materials}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Small, Cephas E. and Tsang, Sai‐Wing and Kido, Junji and So, Shu Kong and So, Franky}, year={2012}, month=apr, pages={3261–3266} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        6
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-06T11:59:44Z",
    "timestamp": 1754481584090
  },
  "reference-count": 34,
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "issue": "15",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2012,
            4,
            24
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2012-04-24T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1335225600000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2012,
        8,
        7
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Conventional organic light emitting devices have a bottom buffer interlayer placed underneath the hole transporting layer (HTL) to improve hole injection from the indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. In this work, a substantial enhancement in hole injection efficiency is demonstrated when an electron accepting interlayer is evaporated on top of the HTL in an inverted device along with a top hole injection anode compared with the conventional device with a bottom hole injection anode. Current\u2013voltage and space\u2010charge\u2010limited dark injection (DI\u2010SCLC) measurements were used to characterize the conventional and inverted <jats:italic>N</jats:italic>,<jats:italic>N\u2032</jats:italic>\u2010diphenyl\u2010<jats:italic>N</jats:italic>,<jats:italic>N\u2032</jats:italic>\u2010bis(1\u2010naphthyl)(1,1<jats:italic>\u2032</jats:italic>biphenyl)\u20104,4<jats:italic>\u2032</jats:italic>diamine (NPB) hole\u2010only devices with either molybdenum trioxide (MoO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>) or 1,4,5,8,9,11\u2010hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile (HAT\u2010CN) as the interlayer. Both normal and inverted devices with HAT\u2010CN showed significantly higher injection efficiencies compared to similar devices with MoO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>, with the inverted device with HAT\u2010CN as the interlayer showing a <jats:italic>hole injection efficiency close to 100%</jats:italic>. The results from doping NPB with MoO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> or HAT\u2010CN confirmed that the injection efficiency enhancements in the inverted devices were due to the enhanced charge transfer at the electron acceptor/NPB interface.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1002/adfm.201200185",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2012,
        4,
        24
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2012-04-24T18:35:09Z",
    "timestamp": 1335292509000
  },
  "page": "3261-3266",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 74,
  "title": "Origin of Enhanced Hole Injection in Inverted Organic Devices with Electron Accepting Interlayer",
  "prefix": "10.1002",
  "volume": "22",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "Cephas E.",
      "family": "Small",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Sai\u2010Wing",
      "family": "Tsang",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Junji",
      "family": "Kido",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Shu Kong",
      "family": "So",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Franky",
      "family": "So",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "311",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2012,
        4,
        24
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_1_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nature08003"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_2_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/35006610"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_3_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.117151"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_4_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0379-6779(98)00976-X"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_5_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1480100"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_6_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adfm.200500443"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_7_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adfm.200801368"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_8_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0022-3727/29/11/004"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_9_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3454779"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_10_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3478007"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_11_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.3081409"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_12_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1616-3028(200108)11:4<310::AID-ADFM310>3.0.CO;2-D"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_13_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S1566-1199(02)00033-2"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_14_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1521-4095(20021118)14:22<1633::AID-ADMA1633>3.0.CO;2-#"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_15_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.2405856"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_16_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.orgel.2009.05.007"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_17_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0268-1242/24/3/035009"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_18_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0379-6779(01)00623-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_19_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1941482"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_19_3",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.367030"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_20_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.orgel.2009.10.003"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_21_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/nphoton.2011.318"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_22_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.201000317"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_23_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.113123"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_24_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.2348640"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_25_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.2972125"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_26_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1088/0022-3727/3/2/308"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_27_2",
      "volume-title": "Current Injection in Solids",
      "author": "Lampert M. A.",
      "year": "1970"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_28_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/j.orgel.2006.06.002"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_29_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1359161"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_30_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1777416"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_31_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.2354319"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_32_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1504495"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_7_33_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1117/12.813257"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Advanced Functional Materials",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fadfm.201200185",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adfm.201200185",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        10,
        11
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-10-11T03:02:02Z",
    "timestamp": 1696993322000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.201200185"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2012,
        4,
        24
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 34,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "15",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2012,
          8,
          7
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1002/adfm.201200185"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201200185",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "1616-301X",
    "1616-3028"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Adv Funct Materials",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2012,
        4,
        24
      ]
    ]
  }
}