DOI: 10.1002/adfm.200500761. White Electroluminescence from a Single‐Polymer System with Simultaneous Two‐Color Emission: Polyfluorene as the Blue Host and a 2,1,3‐Benzothiadiazole Derivative as the Orange Dopant

White Electroluminescence from a Single‐Polymer System with Simultaneous Two‐Color Emission: Polyfluorene as the Blue Host and a 2,1,3‐Benzothiadiazole Derivative as the Orange Dopant

10.1002/adfm.200500761

Crossref journal-article

Wiley

Advanced Functional Materials (311)

Abstract

AbstractNew single‐polymer electroluminescent systems containing two individual emission species—polyfluorenes as a blue host and 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole derivative units as an orange dopant on the main chain—have been designed and synthesized. The resulting single polymers are found to have highly efficient white electroluminescence with simultaneous blue (λmax = 421 nm/445 nm) and orange emission (λmax = 564 nm) from the corresponding emitting species. The influence of the photoluminescence (PL) efficiencies of both the blue and orange species on the electroluminescence (EL) efficiencies of white polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) based on the single‐polymer systems has been investigated. The introduction of the highly efficient 4,7‐bis(4‐(N‐phenyl‐N‐(4‐methylphenyl)amino)phenyl)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole unit to the main chain of polyfluorene provides significant improvement in EL efficiency. For a single‐layer device fabricated in air (indium tin oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonic acid/polymer/Ca/Al), pure‐white electroluminescence with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.35,0.32), maximum brightness of 12 300 cd m–2, luminance efficiency of 7.30 cd A–1, and power efficiency of 3.34 lm W–1 can be obtained. This device is approximately two times more efficient than that utilizing a single polyfluorene containing 1,8‐naphthalimide moieties, and shows remarkable improvement over the corresponding blend systems in terms of efficiency and color stability. Thermal treatment of the single‐layer device before cathode deposition leads to the further improvement of the device performance, with CIE coordinates of (0.35,0.34), turn‐on voltage of 3.5 V, luminance efficiency of 8.99 cd A–1, power efficiency of 5.75 lm W–1, external quantum efficiency of 3.8 %, and maximum brightness of 12 680 cd m–2. This performance is roughly comparable to that of white organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with multilayer device structures and complicated fabrication processes.

Bibliography

Liu, J., Zhou, Q. G., Cheng, Y. X., Geng, Y. H., Wang, L. X., Ma, D. G., Jing, X. B., & Wang, F. S. (2006). White Electroluminescence from a SingleâPolymer System with Simultaneous TwoâColor Emission: Polyfluorene as the Blue Host and a 2,1,3âBenzothiadiazole Derivative as the Orange Dopant. Advanced Functional Materials, 16(7), 957â965. Portico.

Authors 8

J. Liu (first)
Q. G. Zhou (additional)
Y. X. Cheng (additional)
Y. H. Geng (additional)
L. X. Wang (additional)
D. G. Ma (additional)
X. B. Jing (additional)
F. S. Wang (additional)

References 52 Referenced 182

10.1002/adma.200400684
10.1063/1.111023
10.1063/1.115126
10.1063/1.1778472
10.1063/1.1808250
10.1063/1.1479751
10.1002/adma.200306230
10.1002/adma.200500727
10.1063/1.1873046
10.1038/372444a0
10.1063/1.116129
10.1063/1.1901824
10.1063/1.120205
10.1063/1.1813643
10.1063/1.1645983
10.1063/1.1478786
10.1063/1.1540247
10.1063/1.1385586
10.1016/S0379-6779(96)03790-3
10.1063/1.121888
10.1021/ma020406r
10.1021/ja0446247
10.1063/1.1793356
10.1002/adfm.200500028
10.1002/adma.200501850
10.1063/1.1498500
10.1063/1.1528736
10.1063/1.1635658
10.1063/1.1413220
10.1002/adfm.200304486
10.1063/1.121878
10.1002/1521-4095(20020404)14:7<477::AID-ADMA477>3.0.CO;2-9
10.1002/1521-4095(200104)13:8<565::AID-ADMA565>3.0.CO;2-W
10.1039/a905482k
10.1063/1.125321
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_37_2', 'first-page': '27', 'volume': '7', 'author': 'Förster T.', 'year': '1959', 'journal-title': 'Discuss. Faraday Soc.'} / Discuss. Faraday Soc. by Förster T. (1959)
10.1021/j100615a009
10.1021/ma011790f
10.1002/1521-4095(200104)13:8<565::AID-ADMA565>3.0.CO;2-W
A. J. Bard L. A. Faulkner Electrochemical Methods–Fundamentals and Applications Wiley New York1984.
10.1002/1521-3927(20011101)22:17<1365::AID-MARC1365>3.0.CO;2-B
10.1149/1.2069130
10.1063/1.362506
10.1063/1.370612
10.1063/1.1495898
10.1063/1.1582359
10.1063/1.1427435
{'key': 'e_1_2_1_49_2', 'first-page': '81', 'volume': '12', 'author': 'Lee L.', 'year': '2000', 'journal-title': 'Adv. Mater.'} / Adv. Mater. by Lee L. (2000)
10.1103/PhysRevB.62.15604
10.1103/PhysRevB.69.085201
10.1002/jhet.5570070324
10.1021/cr00039a007

Dates

Type	When
Created	19 years, 5 months ago (March 24, 2006, 6:47 a.m.)
Deposited	1 year, 9 months ago (Nov. 15, 2023, 9:36 a.m.)
Indexed	1 month ago (Aug. 5, 2025, 8:53 a.m.)
Issued	19 years, 5 months ago (March 24, 2006)
Published	19 years, 5 months ago (March 24, 2006)
Published Online	19 years, 5 months ago (March 24, 2006)
Published Print	19 years, 4 months ago (May 2, 2006)

Funders 0

None

BibTeX

@article{Liu_2006, title={White Electroluminescence from a Single‐Polymer System with Simultaneous Two‐Color Emission: Polyfluorene as the Blue Host and a 2,1,3‐Benzothiadiazole Derivative as the Orange Dopant}, volume={16}, ISSN={1616-3028}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200500761}, DOI={10.1002/adfm.200500761}, number={7}, journal={Advanced Functional Materials}, publisher={Wiley}, author={Liu, J. and Zhou, Q. G. and Cheng, Y. X. and Geng, Y. H. and Wang, L. X. and Ma, D. G. and Jing, X. B. and Wang, F. S.}, year={2006}, month=mar, pages={957–965} }

JSON

{
  "indexed": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2025,
        8,
        5
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2025-08-05T12:53:52Z",
    "timestamp": 1754398432797
  },
  "reference-count": 52,
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "issue": "7",
  "license": [
    {
      "start": {
        "date-parts": [
          [
            2006,
            3,
            24
          ]
        ],
        "date-time": "2006-03-24T00:00:00Z",
        "timestamp": 1143158400000
      },
      "content-version": "vor",
      "delay-in-days": 0,
      "URL": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor"
    }
  ],
  "content-domain": {
    "domain": [],
    "crossmark-restriction": false
  },
  "published-print": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2006,
        5,
        2
      ]
    ]
  },
  "abstract": "<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>New single\u2010polymer electroluminescent systems containing two individual emission species\u2014polyfluorenes as a blue host and 2,1,3\u2010benzothiadiazole derivative units as an orange dopant on the main chain\u2014have been designed and synthesized. The resulting single polymers are found to have highly efficient white electroluminescence with simultaneous blue (\u03bb<jats:sub>max</jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009421\u2009nm/445\u2009nm) and orange emission (\u03bb<jats:sub>max</jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009564\u2009nm) from the corresponding emitting species. The influence of the photoluminescence (PL) efficiencies of both the blue and orange species on the electroluminescence (EL) efficiencies of white polymer light\u2010emitting diodes (PLEDs) based on the single\u2010polymer systems has been investigated. The introduction of the highly efficient 4,7\u2010bis(4\u2010(<jats:italic>N</jats:italic>\u2010phenyl\u2010<jats:italic>N</jats:italic>\u2010(4\u2010methylphenyl)amino)phenyl)\u20102,1,3\u2010benzothiadiazole unit to the main chain of polyfluorene provides significant improvement in EL efficiency. For a single\u2010layer device fabricated in air (indium tin oxide/poly(3,4\u2010ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonic acid/polymer/Ca/Al), pure\u2010white electroluminescence with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.35,0.32), maximum brightness of 12\u2009300\u2009cd\u2009m<jats:sup>\u20132</jats:sup>, luminance efficiency of 7.30\u2009cd\u2009A<jats:sup>\u20131</jats:sup>, and power efficiency of 3.34\u2009lm\u2009W<jats:sup>\u20131</jats:sup> can be obtained. This device is approximately two times more efficient than that utilizing a single polyfluorene containing 1,8\u2010naphthalimide moieties, and shows remarkable improvement over the corresponding blend systems in terms of efficiency and color stability. Thermal treatment of the single\u2010layer device before cathode deposition leads to the further improvement of the device performance, with CIE coordinates of (0.35,0.34), turn\u2010on voltage of 3.5\u2009V, luminance efficiency of 8.99\u2009cd\u2009A<jats:sup>\u20131</jats:sup>, power efficiency of 5.75\u2009lm\u2009W<jats:sup>\u20131</jats:sup>, external quantum efficiency of 3.8\u2009%, and maximum brightness of 12\u2009680\u2009cd\u2009m<jats:sup>\u20132</jats:sup>. This performance is roughly comparable to that of white organic light\u2010emitting diodes (WOLEDs) with multilayer device structures and complicated fabrication processes.</jats:p>",
  "DOI": "10.1002/adfm.200500761",
  "type": "journal-article",
  "created": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2006,
        3,
        24
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2006-03-24T11:47:47Z",
    "timestamp": 1143200867000
  },
  "page": "957-965",
  "source": "Crossref",
  "is-referenced-by-count": 182,
  "title": "White Electroluminescence from a Single\u2010Polymer System with Simultaneous Two\u2010Color Emission: Polyfluorene as the Blue Host and a 2,1,3\u2010Benzothiadiazole Derivative as the Orange Dopant",
  "prefix": "10.1002",
  "volume": "16",
  "author": [
    {
      "given": "J.",
      "family": "Liu",
      "sequence": "first",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Q.\u2009G.",
      "family": "Zhou",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Y.\u2009X.",
      "family": "Cheng",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "Y.\u2009H.",
      "family": "Geng",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "L.\u2009X.",
      "family": "Wang",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "D.\u2009G.",
      "family": "Ma",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "X.\u2009B.",
      "family": "Jing",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    },
    {
      "given": "F.\u2009S.",
      "family": "Wang",
      "sequence": "additional",
      "affiliation": []
    }
  ],
  "member": "311",
  "published-online": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2006,
        3,
        24
      ]
    ]
  },
  "reference": [
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_2_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.200400684"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_3_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.111023"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_4_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.115126"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_5_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1778472"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_6_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1808250"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_7_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1479751"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_8_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.200306230"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_9_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.200500727"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_10_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1873046"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_11_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1038/372444a0"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_12_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.116129"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_13_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1901824"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_14_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.120205"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_15_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1813643"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_16_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1645983"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_17_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1478786"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_18_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1540247"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_19_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1385586"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_20_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1016/S0379-6779(96)03790-3"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_21_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.121888"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_22_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ma020406r"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_23_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ja0446247"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_24_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1793356"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_25_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adfm.200500028"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_26_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adma.200501850"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_27_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1498500"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_28_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1528736"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_29_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1635658"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_30_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1413220"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_31_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/adfm.200304486"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_32_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.121878"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_33_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1521-4095(20020404)14:7<477::AID-ADMA477>3.0.CO;2-9"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_34_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1521-4095(200104)13:8<565::AID-ADMA565>3.0.CO;2-W"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_35_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1039/a905482k"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_36_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.125321"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_37_2",
      "first-page": "27",
      "volume": "7",
      "author": "F\u00f6rster T.",
      "year": "1959",
      "journal-title": "Discuss. Faraday Soc."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_38_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/j100615a009"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_39_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/ma011790f"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_40_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1521-4095(200104)13:8<565::AID-ADMA565>3.0.CO;2-W"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_41_2",
      "unstructured": "A.\u2009J. Bard L.\u2009A. Faulkner Electrochemical Methods\u2013Fundamentals and Applications Wiley New York1984."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_42_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/1521-3927(20011101)22:17<1365::AID-MARC1365>3.0.CO;2-B"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_43_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1149/1.2069130"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_44_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.362506"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_45_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.370612"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_46_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1495898"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_47_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1582359"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_48_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1063/1.1427435"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_49_2",
      "first-page": "81",
      "volume": "12",
      "author": "Lee L.",
      "year": "2000",
      "journal-title": "Adv. Mater."
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_50_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.62.15604"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_51_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1103/PhysRevB.69.085201"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_52_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1002/jhet.5570070324"
    },
    {
      "key": "e_1_2_1_53_2",
      "doi-asserted-by": "publisher",
      "DOI": "10.1021/cr00039a007"
    }
  ],
  "container-title": "Advanced Functional Materials",
  "original-title": [],
  "language": "en",
  "link": [
    {
      "URL": "https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fadfm.200500761",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "text-mining"
    },
    {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adfm.200500761",
      "content-type": "unspecified",
      "content-version": "vor",
      "intended-application": "similarity-checking"
    }
  ],
  "deposited": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2023,
        11,
        15
      ]
    ],
    "date-time": "2023-11-15T14:36:14Z",
    "timestamp": 1700058974000
  },
  "score": 1,
  "resource": {
    "primary": {
      "URL": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.200500761"
    }
  },
  "subtitle": [],
  "short-title": [],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2006,
        3,
        24
      ]
    ]
  },
  "references-count": 52,
  "journal-issue": {
    "issue": "7",
    "published-print": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2006,
          5,
          2
        ]
      ]
    }
  },
  "alternative-id": [
    "10.1002/adfm.200500761"
  ],
  "URL": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200500761",
  "relation": {},
  "ISSN": [
    "1616-301X",
    "1616-3028"
  ],
  "subject": [],
  "container-title-short": "Adv Funct Materials",
  "published": {
    "date-parts": [
      [
        2006,
        3,
        24
      ]
    ]
  }
}